Publication Cover
Environmental Archaeology
The Journal of Human Palaeoecology
Volume 28, 2023 - Issue 5
435
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Plant Assemblage of the Phoenician Sacrificial Pit by the Temple of Melqart/Herakles (Motya, Sicily, Italy)

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 383-395 | Received 08 Feb 2020, Accepted 29 Sep 2020, Published online: 11 Dec 2020

References

  • Aghel, N., A. Z. Mahmoudabadi, and L. Darvishi. 2011. “Volatile Constituents and Anti Candida Activity of the Aerial Parts Essential oil of Dittrichia Graveolens (L.) Greuter Grown in Iran.” African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5 (6): 772–775.
  • Al-Snafi, A. E. 2016. “Medical importance of Cichorium intybus – A review.” IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 6 (3): 41–56.
  • Alain, D. n.d. “Carthaginian votive stele. Priest offering the head of a sacrificed bovine on an altar.” Accessed January 8, 2020. https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/carthaginian-votive-stele-priest-offering-head-sacrificed-bovine-altar.
  • Alhaique, F. 2012a. “Resti faunistici dalla Favissa F.2950.” [Faunal remains from Favissa F.2950] In Alle sorgenti del Kothon. Il rito a Mozia nell'area sacra di Baal'Addir-Poseidon: lo scavo dei pozzi sacri nel settore C Sud-ovest (2006–2011), edited by L. Nigro and F. Spagnoli. 33. Roma: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.
  • Alhaique, F. 2012b. “Resti faunistici dal pozzo P.2927.” [Faunal remains from well P.2927]. In Alle sorgenti del Kothon. Il rito a Mozia nell'area sacra di Baal ‘Addir-Poseidon: lo scavo dei pozzi sacri nel settore C Sud-ovest (2006–2011), edited by L. Nigro and F. Spagnoli. 49. Roma: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.
  • Amadasi Guzzo, M. G. 1988. “Sacrifici e banchetti. Bibbia ebraica e iscrizioni puniche.” In Sacrificio e società nel mondo antico, edited by C. Grottanelli, and N. F. Parise, 97–122. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  • Amadasi Guzzo, M. G. 2008. “Il tofet. Osservazioni di un'epigrafista.” In Sepolti tra i vivi. Buried among the living. Evidenza ed interpretazione di contesti funerari in abitato. Museo dell'Arte Classica, Odeion, 26–29 Aprile 2006 (Scienze dell'Antichità, vol. 14), edited by G. Bartoloni, and M. G. Benedettini, 347–362. Roma: Quasar.
  • Amadasi Guzzo, M. G., and P. Xella. 2005. “Eshmun-Melqart in una nuova iscrizione fenicia di Ibiza.” [Eshmun-Melqart in a new Phoenician inscription from Ibiza]. Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico 22: 47.
  • Bagnoli, F., G. G. Vendramin, A. Buonamici, A. G. Doulis, S. C. González-Martínez, N. La Porta, D. Magri, P. Raddi, F. Sebastiani, and S. Fineschi. 2009. “Is Cupressus Sempervirens Native in Italy? An Answer from Genetic and Palaeobotanical Data.” Molecular Ecology 18 (10): 2276–2286.
  • Beigh, S. Y., I. A. Nawchoo, and M. Iqbal. 2004. “Traditional Veterinary Medicine Among the Tribes of Kashmir Himalaya.” Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 10 (4): 121–127.
  • Boratyński, A., A. Lewandowski, K. Boratyńska, J. M. Montserrat, and A. Romo. 2009. “High Level of Genetic Differentiation of Juniperus phoenicea (Cupressaceae) in the Mediterranean Region: Geographic Implications.” Plant Systematics and Evolution 277 (3-4): 163–172.
  • Bosi, G., M. Bandini Mazzanti, A. Florenzano, I. M. N’siala, A. Pederzoli, R. Rinaldi, P. Torri, and A. M. Mercuri. 2011. “Seeds/Fruits, Pollen and Parasite Remains as Evidence of Site Function: Piazza Garibaldi–Parma (N Italy) in Roman and Mediaeval Times.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (7): 1621–1633.
  • Bosi, G., A. M. Mercuri, and M. Bandini Mazzanti. 2009. “Plants and Man in Urban Environment: the History of the City of Ferrara (10th–16th Cent. AD) Through its Archaeobotanical Records.” Bocconea 23: 5–20.
  • CABI: Invasive Species Compendium. 2019. Chenopodiastrum murale (nettleleaf goosefoot). Accessed May 3, 2020. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/12652.
  • Cambini, A.. 1967. “Riconoscimento microscopico del legno delle querce italiane.” Contributi scientifico-pratici per una migliore conoscenza ed utilizzazione del legno: 53–69.
  • Cappers, R. T., and R. M. Bekker. 2013. A Manual for the Identification of Plant Seeds and Fruits (Vol. 23). Groningen: Barkhuis.
  • Cappers, R. T., R. Neef, and R. M. Bekker. 2009. Digital Atlas of Economic Plants. Groningen: Barkhuis.
  • Chabal, L., I. Figueiral, C. Pellecuer, and I. Bermond. 2012. “Evidence of Palaeogeographic Constraints on Woodlands on the Shores of a Coastal Lagoon During Antiquity: Charcoal Analysis of the Prés-Bas Villa and le Bourbou (Loupian, Hérault).” Sagvntvm 13: 105–114.
  • D’Andrea, B. 2017. “I sacrifici animali nelle pratiche rituali dei tofet e dei santuari di Saturno: dalla tradizione fenicia all’età romana (VIII sec. aC-III sec. dC).” [Animal Sacrifices in Ritual Practices from the Tophets and the Sactuaries of Saturn: from the Phoenician Tradition to the Roman Times (8th century BC – 3rd century AD].” Scienze dell'Antichità 23 (3): 79–94.
  • D’Auria, A., M. Teobaldelli, and G. Di Pasquale. 2020. “The Late Holocene History of Cypress (Cupressus Sempervirens L.) in the Italian Peninsula: New Perspectives from Archaeobotanical Data.” The Holocene 30 (2): 210–217.
  • Debono Spiteri, C., D. C. Salazar-Garcia, and N. C. Vella. 2015. “Phoenician Maritime Pioneering and Punic Expansion: Reconstructing Trade and Dietary Patterns.” The European Archaeologist 46: 38–39.
  • Deckers, K. 2005. “Anthracological Research at the Archaeological Site of Emar on the Middle Euphrates, Syria.” Paléorient 31: 153–167.
  • Deforce, K. 2017. “The Interpretation of Pollen Assemblages from Medieval and Post-Medieval Cesspits: New Results from Northern Belgium.” Quaternary International 460: 124–134.
  • Deforce, K., O. Brinkkemper, H. van Haaster, and M. Van Waijjen. 2019. “Small Things Can Make a Big Difference: A Comparison of Pollen and Macrobotanical Records of Some Food Plants from Medieval and Post-Medieval Cesspits in the Netherlands and Northern Belgium.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 28 (4): 433–445.
  • De Lima, R. A. 2019. “Herakles/Melqart: The Greek Façade of a Phoenician Deity.” Revista Hélade 5 (2): 186–200.
  • Dhima, K. V., I. G. Eleftherohorinos, and I. B. Vasilakoglou. 2000. “Interference Between Avena sterilis, Phalaris minor and Five Barley Cultivars.” Weed Research 40 (6): 549–559.
  • Di Lernia, S., M. A. Tafuri, M. Gallinaro, F. Alhaique, M. Balasse, L. Cavorsi, P. D. Fullagar, et al. 2013. “Inside the ‘African Cattle Complex’: Animal Burials in the Holocene Central Sahara.” PLoS One 8 (2): e56879.
  • Edmonds, R. G. 2010. “The Bright Cypress of the “Orphic” Gold Tablets.” In Light and Darkness in Ancient Greek Myth and Religion, edited by M. Christopoulos, E. D. Karakantza and O. Levaniuk, 221-236. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
  • Elkarmi, A., and R. A. Eideh. 2006. “Allometry of Urtica urens in Polluted and Unpolluted Habitats.” Journal of Plant Biology 49 (1): 9–15.
  • Euro+Med. 2006. Euro+Med PlantBase – The Information Resource for Euro-Mediterranean Plant Diversity. Accessed January 7, 2020. http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/.
  • Figueiral, I., L. Bouby, L. Buffat, H. Petitot, and J. F. Terral. 2010. “Archaeobotany, Vine Growing and Wine Producing in Roman Southern France: The Site of Gasquinoy (Béziers, Hérault).” Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (1): 139–149.
  • Galey, F. D. 2009. “Plants and Other Natural Toxicants.” In Large Animal Internal Medicine, edited by B. P. Smith, 1692–1708. St. Louis: Elsevier.
  • Ghosh, R., S. Gupta, S. Bera, H. E. Jiang, X. Li, and C. S. Li. 2008. “Ovi-caprid Dung as an Indicator of Paleovegetation and Paleoclimate in Northwestern China.” Quaternary Research 70 (2): 149–157.
  • González-Tejero, M. R., M. Casares-Porcel, C. P. Sánchez-Rojas, J. M. Ramiro-Gutiérrez, J. Molero-Mesa, A. Pieroni, and M. E. Giusti. 2008. “Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean Area: Synthesis of the Results of the Project Rubia.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2): 341–357.
  • Green, A. C., and G. L. Beardmore. 1988. “Home Treatment of Skin Cancer and Solar Keratoses.” Australasian Journal of Dermatology 29 (3): 127–130.
  • Harris, D. 1998. Heliotrope Toxicity in Sheep and Cattle. Accessed December 10, 2019. http://agriculture.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds/animal-diseases/beef-and-dairy-cows/heliotrope-toxicity-in-sheep-and-cattle.
  • Hendel, N., L. Larous, M. Sari, A. Boudjelal, and D. Sarri. 2012. “Place of Labiates in Folk Medicine of the Area of M'sila (Algeria).” Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine 1 (8): 315.
  • Hernández, N. E., M. L. Tereschuk, and L. R. Abdala. 2000. “Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants from Tafı del Valle (Tucuman, Argentina).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (1-2): 317–322.
  • Hvidberg-Hansen, F. O. 1992. “Osservazioni su Sardus Pater in Sardegna.” Analecta romana instituti danici: 7–30.
  • Jabeen, N., R. Khanum, S. Shakuat, S. Mehmood, and M. Gulfraz. 2008. “Protective Effects of Euphorbia Helioscopia on Different Wound Models in Rats.” SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia 2 (1): 175–178.
  • Lai, S. W., M. S. Yu, W. H. Yuen, and R. C. C. Chang. 2006. “Novel Neuroprotective Effects of the Aqueous Extracts from Verbena officinalis Linn.” Neuropharmacology 50 (6): 641–650.
  • Leporatti, M. L., and K. Ghedira. 2009. “Comparative Analysis of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Italy and Tunisia.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5 (1): 31.
  • Liphschitz, N. 2015. “Cupressus Sempervirens (Cypress) as Hull Construction Timber of Sunken Shipwrecks in the East Mediterranean.” In Shipwrecks Around the World: Revelations of the Past, edited by S. Tripati, 604–623. New Delhi: Delta Book World.
  • López, V., S. Akerreta, E. Casanova, J. García-Mina, R. Cavero, and M. Calvo. 2008. “Screening of Spanish Medicinal Plants for Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities.” Pharmaceutical Biology 46 (9): 602–609.
  • López, V., A. K. Jäger, S. Akerreta, R. Y. Cavero, and M. I. Calvo. 2011. “Pharmacological Properties of Anagallis arvensis L. (“Scarlet Pimpernel”) and Anagallis foemina Mill. (“Blue Pimpernel”) Traditionally Used as Wound Healing Remedies in Navarra (Spain).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (3): 1014–1017.
  • Lorenz, P., S. Duckstein, J. Conrad, M. Knödler, U. Meyer, and F. C. Stintzing. 2012. “An Approach to the Chemotaxonomic Differentiation of Two European Dog's Mercury Species: Mercurialis Annua L. and M. perennis L.” Chemistry and Biodiversity 9 (2): 282–297.
  • Lu, Z.-Q., S.-H. Guan, X.-N. Li, G.-T. Chen, J.-Q. Zhang, H.-L. Huang, X. Liu, and D. A. Guo. 2008. “Cytotoxic Diterpenoids from Euphorbia helioscopia.” Journal of Natural Products 71 (5): 873–876.
  • Mahboubi, M.. 2011. “Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter Essential Oil.” Herba Polonica 57 (3): 20–31.
  • Malvolti, M. E., P. Pollegioni, A. Bertani, S. Mapelli, and F. Cannata. 2010. “Juglans regia Provenance Research by Molecular, Morphological and Biochemical Markers: A Case Study in Italy.” Bioremediation Biodiversity Bioavailability 4: 84–92.
  • Marìn Martínez, A. P. 2011. “Iconografía sagrada fenicio-púnica en las monedas de Hispania siglos III al I a. C.” [Sacred phoenician-punic iconography in coinage from Hispania (III - I centuries B.C.)]. El Futuro del Pasado: revista electrónica de historia, (2), 579–600. Spanish.
  • Mercuri, A. M. 1999. “Palynological Analysis of the Early Holocene Sequence.” In The Uan Afuda Cave: Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara, edited by S. Di Lernia, 149–181. Firenze: Edizioni All’Insegna del Giglio.
  • Mercuri, A. M. 2008. “Plant Exploitation and Ethnopalynological Evidence from the Wadi Teshuinat Area (Tadrart Acacus, Libyan Sahara).” Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (6): 1619–1642.
  • Mercuri, A. M., M. Bandini Mazzanti, A. Florenzano, M. C. Montecchi, and E. Rattighieri. 2013. “Olea, Juglans and Castanea: the OJC Group as Pollen Evidence of the Development of Human-Induced Environments in the Italian Peninsula.” Quaternary International 303: 24–42.
  • Middlebrook, T. A. 2010. “Marseilles Tariff: Sacrifical Terms of the East and West.” Doctoral dissertation. Wheaton College.
  • Miksicek, C. H.. 1987. “Formation Processes of the Archaeobotanical Record”. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10: 211–247.
  • Mustafa, A., H. J. Ensikat, and M. Weigend. 2018. “Mineralized Trichomes in Boraginales: Complex Microscale Heterogeneity and Simple Phylogenetic Patterns.” Annals of Botany 121 (4): 741–751.
  • Nawito, M., Y. F. Ahmed, S. M. Zayed, and E. Hecker. 1998. “Dietary Cancer Risk from Conditional Cancerogens in Produce of Livestock fed on Species of Spurge (Euphorbiaceae).” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 124 (3-4): 179–185.
  • Nigro, L.. 2009. “Il Tempio del Kothon e il Ruolo Delle Aree Sacre Nello Sviluppo Urbano di Mozia dall’VIII al IV sec. aC.” [The Temple of the Kothon and the Role of Sacred Area in the Urban Development of Motya Between the 8th and the 4th Centuries BC]. In Phönizisches und punisches Städtewesen, edited by S. Helas and D. Marzoli, 241–270. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Nigro, L. 2012. “The Temple of the Kothon at Motya, Sicily: Phoenician Religious Architecture from the Levant to the West.” In All the Wisdom of the East. Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 255, edited by M. Gruber, S. Ahituv, G. Lehmann and Z. Talshir. 293–331. Fribourg / Göttingen: Academic Press / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
  • Nigro, L..2015a. “Mozia tra IV e III sec. a.C.: nuovi dati dagli scavi della Sapienza.” [Motya Between the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC: New Data from the Sapienza Excavations]. In La Battaglia delle Egadi. Atti del convegno (20–21 novembre 2015), edited by S. Tusa and C. Buccellato. Palermo : Regione siciliana, Assessorato dei beni culturali e dell'identità siciliana, Dipartimento dei beni culturali e dell'identità siciliana. Italian.
  • Nigro, L. 2015b. “Mozia tra VI e V secolo aC: monumentalizzazione e organizzazione sociopolitica: un nuovo modello.” [Motya Between the 6th and the 5th Centuries BC: Monumentalization and Socio-Political Organization: a New Model]. Scienze Dell'Antichità 21 (2): 225–245.
  • Nigro, L. 2017. “Motya IV: Building up a West Phoenician Colony.” In Landing on Motya. The Earliest Phoenician Settlement of the 8th Century BC and the Creation of a West Phoenician Cultural Identity in the Excavations of Sapienza University of Rome – 2012–2016, edited by L. Nigro and F. Spagnoli, 104–110. Rome: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.
  • Nigro, L. 2018. La Sapienza a Mozia 2010–2016: il primo insediamento fenicio, l’area sacra di Baal e Astarte, il Tofet, la necropoli, l’abitato, i nuovi scavi alle mura–una sintesi [Sapienza University at Motya 2010–2016: the first Phoenician settlement, the sacred area of Baal and Astarte, the Tophet, the necropolis, the inhabited area, the new excavations of the walls – a synthesis]. IIB, 1400, 1250.
  • Nigro, L., and F. Spagnoli. 2004. “Il santuario del “Cappiddazzu.” [The sanctuary of ‘Cappiddazzu’]. In “La Sapienza” a Mozia: Quarant’anni di ricerca archeologica, 1964–2004, edited by L. Nigro, and G. Rossoni, 56–61. Rome: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.
  • Niknam, V., H. Ebrahimzadeh, and A. A. Maassoumi. 2003. “Toxic Nitro Compounds in Astragalus Species.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 (6): 557–562.
  • Noble, J. W., J. Crossley, B. D. Hill, R. J. Pierce, R. A. McKenzie, M. Debritz, and A. A. Morley. 1994. “Pyrrolizidine Alkaloidosis of Cattle Associated with Senecio Lautu.” Australian Veterinary Journal 71 (7): 196–200.
  • Passalacqua, N. G., P. M. Guarrera, and G. De Fine. 2007. “Contribution to the Knowledge of the Folk Plant Medicine in Calabria Region (Southern Italy).” Fitoterapia 78 (1): 52–68.
  • Peña-Chocarro, L., and G. Pérez-Jordà. 2019. “Garden Plants in Medieval Iberia: the Archaeobotanical Evidence.” Early Medieval Europe 27 (3): 374–393.
  • Pepe, C., M. Giardini, C. Giraudi, A. Masi, I. Mazzini, and L. Sadori. 2013. “Plant Landscape and Environmental Changes Recorded in Marginal Marine Environments: the Ancient Roman Harbour of Portus (Rome, Italy).” Quaternary International 303: 73–81.
  • Pieroni, A., M. E. Giusti, C. De Pasquale, C. Lenzarini, E. Censorii, M. R. Gonzáles-Tejero, and C. P. Sánchez-Rojas. 2006. “Circum-Mediterranean Cultural Heritage and Medicinal Plant Uses in Traditional Animal Healthcare: A Field Survey in Eight Selected Areas within the RUBIA Project.” Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine 2 (1): 16.
  • Pieszak, M., P. L. Mikolajczak, and K. Manikowska. 2012. “Borage (Borago officinalis L.) – a Valuable Medicinal Plant Used in Herbal Medicine.” Herba Polonica 58 (4): 95-103.
  • Porqueddu, C. 2001. “Screening Germplasm and Varieties for Forage Quality: Constraints and Potential in Annual Medics.” In Quality in Lucerne and Medics for Animal Production, edited by I. Delgado, and J. Lloveras, 89–98. Zaragoza: CIHEAM.
  • Pretson, R. E. 1997. “Dittrichia Graveolens (Asteraceae), New to the California Weed Flora.” Madroño 44 (2): 200–203.
  • Prohens, J., I. Andújar, S. Vilanova, M. Plazas, P. Gramazio, R. Prohens, F. J. Herraiz, and A. M. De Ron. 2014. “Swedish Coffee (Astragalus boeticus L.), a Neglected Coffee Substitute with a Past and a Potential Future.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 61 (1): 287–297.
  • Pustovoytov, K. E., S. Riehl, and S. Mittmann. 2004. “Radiocarbon age of Carbonate in Fruits of Lithospermum from the Early Bronze Age Settlement of Hirbet ez-Zeraqōn (Jordan).” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13 (3): 207–212.
  • Ramezani, M., J. Behravan, M. Arab, and S. A. Farzad. 2008. “Antiviral Activity of Euphorbia Helioscopia Extract.” Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (4): 809–813.
  • Renfrew, J. M. 1973. Palaeoethnobotany: the Prehistoric Food Plants of the Near East and Europe. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ribichini, S. 1988. “Le credenze e la vita religiosa.” In I Fenici, edited by S. Moscati, 104–125. Milano: Bompiani.
  • Rifai, M. M., and N. M. El Hadidi. 2010. “Investigation and Analysis of Three Gilded Wood Samples from the Tomb of Tutankhamun.” In Decorated Surfaces on Ancient Egyptian Objects, Technology, Deterioration and Conservation, edited by J. Dawson, C. Rozeik, and M. M. Wright, 16–24. Cambridge: Archetype Publications.
  • Robinson, M. 2002. “Domestic Burnt Offerings and Sacrifices at Roman and pre-Roman Pompeii, Italy.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11 (1-2): 93–100.
  • Sadori, L. 2013. “Southern Europe.” Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 4: 179–188.
  • Sadori, L., E. Allevato, C. Bellini, A. Bertacchi, G. Boetto, G. Di Pasquale, G. Giachi, et al. 2015. “Archaeobotany in Italian Ancient Roman Harbours.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 218: 217–230.
  • Saeed, M., M. E. Abd El-Hack, M. Alagawany, M. A. Arain, M. Arif, M. A. Mirza, M. Naveed, et al. 2017. “Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Herb: Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, Nutritional and Healthical Applications.” International Journal of Pharmacology 13 (4): 351–360.
  • Savo, V., A. Kumbaric, and G. Caneva. 2016. “Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Symbolism in the Ancient Euro-Mediterranean Cultures.” Economic Botany 70 (2): 190–197.
  • Schneider, D. J. 1978. “Fatal Ovine Nephrosis Caused by Anagallis arvensis.” Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 49 (4): 321–324.
  • Schweingruber, F. H. 1990. Anatomy of European Woods. Bern: Paul Haupt Berne and Stuttgart Publishers.
  • Shimshoni, J. A., P. P. Mulder, A. Bouznach, N. Edery, I. Pasval, S. Barel, … S. Perl. 2015. “Heliotropium Europaeum Poisoning in Cattle and Analysis of its Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Profile.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 63 (5): 1664–1672.
  • Šoštarić, R., and H. Küster. 2001. “Roman Plant Remains from Veli Brijun (Island of Brioni), Croatia.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10 (4): 227–233.
  • Spagnoli, F. 2019. “Ritual Practices, Food Offerings, and Animal Sacrifices: Votive Deposits in the Temple of the Kothon (Motya).” Religious Convergence in the Ancient Mediterranean 2: 329.
  • Spaulding, W. G. 1974. Pollen Analysis of Fossil Dung of Ovis canadensis from Southern Nevada. Tucson: The University of Arizona.
  • Stegelmeier, B., D. Gardner, and T. Z. Davis. 2009. “Livestock Poisoning with Pyrrolizidine-Alkaloid–Containing Plants (Senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and Echium spp.).” Rangelands 31 (1): 35–37.
  • Street, R. A., J. Sidana, and G. Prinsloo. 2013. “Cichorium Intybus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 1–13.
  • Tahraoui, A., J. El-Hilaly, Z. H. Israili, and B. Lyoussi. 2007. “Ethnopharmacological Survey of Plants Used in the Traditional Treatment of Hypertension and Diabetes in South-Eastern Morocco (Errachidia Province).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110 (1): 105–117.
  • Teng, R.-W., R.-W. Teng, D. McManus, R.-W. Teng, D. McManus, J. Aylward, S. Ogbourne, et al. 2009. “Biotransformation of Ingenol-3-Angelate in Four Plant Cell Suspension Cultures.” Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 27 (3): 186–194.
  • Tusa, V. 2000. “Il santuario fenicio-punico a Mozia, detto di ‘Cappiddazzu’.” [The Phoenician-Punic Sanctuary at Motya, Called the ‘Cappiddazzu’]. In Actas del IV Congreso Internacional de Estudios Fenicios y Punicos, Cádiz, 2 al 6 de Octubre de 1995. Vol. III, edited by M. E. Aubet and M. Barthélmy, 1397–1417. Cadiz: Universidad de Cadiz.
  • Ünsal, Ç, H. Vural, G. Sariyar, B. Özbek, and G. Ötük. 2010. “Traditional Medicine in Bilecik Province (Turkey) and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Species.” Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7 (2): 139-150.
  • USDA NRCS. 2002. Burclover, Medicago polymorpha L. Plant Fact Sheet, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Program.
  • Vandenbroucke, V., H. Van Pelt, P. De Backer, and S. Croubels. 2010. “Animal Poisonings in Belgium: a Review of the Past Decade.” Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 79 (4): 259–268.
  • Van Zeist, W., and J. A. H. Bakker-Heeres. 1982. “Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant. 1. Neolithic Sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad.” Palaeohistoria 24: 165–256.
  • Viegi, L., A., Pieroni, P. M. Guarrera, and R. Vangelisti. 2003. “A review of plants used in folk veterinary medicine in Italy as basis for a databank.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89 (2-3): 221–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.003.
  • Wolters, S., F. Bittmann, and V. Kummer. 2005. “The First Subfossil Records of Urtica kioviensis Rogow. and Their Consequences for Palaeoecological Interpretations.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 (4): 518–527.
  • Zayed, S. M., M. Farghaly, S. M. Soliman, H. Gotta, B. Sorg, and E. Hecker. 2001. “Dietary Cancer Risk from Conditional Cancerogens (Tumor Promoters) in Produce of Livestock Fed on Species of Spurge (Euphorbiaceae).” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 127 (1): 40–47.
  • Zayed, S. M., M. Farghaly, H. Taha, H. Gotta, and E. Hecker. 1998. “Dietary Cancer Risk Conditional Cancerogens in Produce of Livestock fed on Species of Spurge (Euphorbiaceae).” Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 124 (3-4): 131–140.
  • Zocca, A., C. Zanini, A. Aimi, G. Frigimelica, N. La Porta, and A. Battisti. 2008. “Spread of Plant Pathogens and Insect Vectors at the Northern Range Margin of Cypress in Italy.” Acta Oecologica 33 (3): 307–313.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.