Brexit, COVID-19 and climate change: mapping the impact of the ‘triple challenge’ on health and well-being in wales

References

• Acheson D (1998). Acheson report on inequalities in health. Available at: Acheson report on inequalities in health | Policy Navigator ( Accessed: 2022 Sept 22).
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad B, Chappel D, Pless-Mulloli T, White M. 2008. Enabling factors and barriers for the use of health impact assessment in decision-making processes. Public Health. 122(5):452–457. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binazzi A, Levi M, Bonafede M, Bugani M, Messeri A, Morabito M, Marinaccio A, Baldasseroni A. 2019. Evaluation of the impact of heat stress on the occurrence of occupational injuries: meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Ind Med. 62(3):233–243. doi:10.1002/ajim.22946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakley JAE, Franks DM. eds. 2021. Handbook of cumulative assessment. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Bonafede M, Marinaccio A, Asta F, Schifano P, Michelozzi P, Vecchi S. 2016. The association between extreme weather conditions and work-related injuries and diseases. Syst Rev Epidemiological Stud. 52(3):357–367. Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità.
   Google Scholar
• Burns C (2020). Covid-19, Climate and Brexit: what does the latest crisis mean for environmental policy in the UK? Available at: https://www.brexitenvironment.co.uk/2020/04/24/covid-19-environmental-policy-and-brexit/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Cairney P, Heikkila T, Wood M. 2019. Making Policy in a Complex World (Elements in Public Policy). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108679053.
   Google Scholar
• Castells-Quintana D, Lopez-Uribe MDP, McDermott T (2015). Climate change and the geographical and institutional drivers of economic development. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, Working Paper No. 223. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Working Paper No. 198. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Working-Paper-198-Castells-Quintana-et-al.pdf (Accessed 2022 May 11).
   Google Scholar
• Cave B, Pyper R, Fischer-Bonde B, Humboldt-Dachroeden S, Martin-Olmedo P. 2021. Lessons from an international initiative to set and share good practice on human health in environmental impact assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(4):1392. doi:10.3390/ijerph18041392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Green L, Cummins S. 2021. All change. Has COVID-19 transformed the way we need to plan for a healthier and more equitable food environment? Urban Des Int. 26(4):291–295. doi:10.1057/s41289-020-00143-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesa V, Antony G, Wismar M, Rechel B. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic: health impact of staying at home, social distancing and ‘lockdown’ measures—a systematic review of systematic reviews. J Public Health (Oxford, Engl). 43(3):e462–e481. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianconi P, Betrò S, Janiri L. 2020. The impact of climate change on mental health: a systematic descriptive review. Front Psychiatry. 11. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusack L, de Crespigny C, Athanasos P. 2011. Heatwaves and their impact on people with alcohol, drug and mental health conditions: a discussion paper on clinical practice considerations. J Adv Nurs. 67(4):915–922. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05551.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannenberg AL. 2016. Effectiveness of health impact assessments: a synthesis of data from five impact evaluation reports. Prev Chronic Dis. 13:150559. doi:10.5888/pcd13.150559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies AR, Homolova L, Grey CNB, Fisher J, Burchett N, Kousoulis A (2019). Supporting farming communities at times of uncertainty: an action framework to support the mental health and well-being of farmers and their families. Public Health Wales and Mental Health Foundation. Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/Supporting-farming-communities-at-times-of-uncertainty.pdf Accessed 2022 May 11)
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health. (2017). Government response to the House of Commons Health Committee report Brexit and health and social care – people and process. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/664251/Cm_9469_Brexit_and_health_and_social_care.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Douglas M, Katikireddi SV, Taulbut M, McKee M, McCartney G. 2020. Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response. BMJ. 369:m1557. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyakova M, Couzens L, Allen J, Van Eimeren M, Stielke A, Cotter-Roberts A, Kadel R, Bainham B, Ashton K, Stewart D, et al. (2021). Placing health equity at the heart of the COVID-19 sustainable response and recovery: building prosperous lives for all in Wales. The Welsh Health Equity Status Report initiative (WHESRi). World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Investment for Health and Well-being, Public Health Wales and Welsh Government. Available at https://phw.nhs.wales/news/placing-health-equity-at-theheart-of-coronavirus-recovery-for-building-a-sustainable-future-for-wales/placing-health-equity-at-the-heart-ofthe-covid-19-sustainable-response-and-recovery-building-prosperous-lives-for-all-in-wales/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for Health Policy. (1999). Gothenburg consensus paper – health impact assessment: main concepts and suggested approach. Available at: http://www.healthedpartners.org/ceu/hia/hia01/01_02_gothenburg_paper_on_hia_1999.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Faculty of Public Health. (2019). Negotiating a ‘healthy’ trade policy for the UK. Available at: https://www.fph.org.uk/media/2444/a-blueprint-for-a-public-health-approach-to-post-brexit-trade-negotiations.pdf (Accessed 2022 May 11).
   Google Scholar
• Fahy N, Hervey T, Greer S, Jarman H, Stuckler D, Galsworthy M, McKee M. 2017. How will Brexit affect health and health services in the UK? Evaluating three possible scenarios. Lancet. 390(10107):2110–2118. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31926-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farming Life. (2021). COVID-19, brexit and climate change dominate. Available at: https://www.farminglife.com/country-and-farming/covid-19-brexit-and-climate-change-dominate-3220930 ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer TB. 2006. Strategic environmental assessment and transport planning: towards a generic framework for evaluating practice and developing guidance. Impact Assess Project Appraisal. 24(3):183–197. doi:10.3152/147154606781765183.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer TB. 2014. Health and strategic environmental assessment. In: Fehr R, Martuzzi M, Nowacki J, Viliani F, editors. Health in impact assessments, WHO, EUPHA and IAIA. p. 23–46. WHO Regioinal Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer TB, Glasson J, Jha-Thakur U, Therivel R, Howard R, Fothergill J, Sykes O. 2018. Implications of Brexit for environmental assessment in the UK - results from a one-day workshop at the University of Liverpool. Impact Assess Project Appraisal. 36: 4(4):371–377. doi:10.1080/14615517.2018.1479364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flouris AD, Dinas PC, Ioannou LG, Nybo L, Havenith G, Kenny P, Kjellstrom T. 2018. Workers‘ health and productivity under occupational heat strain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Planetary Health. 2(12):E521–E531. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30237-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frue K (2017). What is DESTEP analysis and how is it used in business? Available at: https://pestleanalysis.com/destep-analysis/ ( Accessed: 2022 Sept 22.
   Google Scholar
• Government W. (2020a). Written statement?: UK agriculture bill. Available at: https://gov.wales/written-statement-uk-agriculture-bill#:~:text=The%20Agriculture%20Bill%20%28the%20%E2%80%9CBill%E2%80%9D%29%20was%20introduced%20by,for%20Welsh%20agriculture%2C%20rural%20industries%20and%20our%20communities. ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Green L, Ashton K, Azam S, Dyakova M, Clemens T, Bellis MA. 2021. Using health impact assessment (HIA) to understand the wider health and well-being implications of policy decisions: the COVID-19 ‘staying at home and social distancing policy’ in Wales. BMC Public Health. 21(1):1456. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11480-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green L, Ashton K, Bellis MA, Clements T, Douglas M. 2022. Predicted and observed impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns. In: Two health impact assessments in scotland and wales”. Health promotion international. In press. Health promotion international |. Oxford Academic (oclc.org). https://org.mu.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/heapro/daac134
   Google Scholar
• Green L, Ashton K, Edmonds N, Azam S. 2020. Process, practice and progress: a case study of the health impact assessment (HIA) of brexit in wales. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(18):6652. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green L, Edmonds N. 2021. Climate Change in Wales and its health impact: who is vulnerable and how? Eur J Public Health. 31(Supplement_3): Supp_3. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green L, Edmonds N, Morgan L, Andrew R, Ward M, Azam S, Bellis MA (2019). The public health implications of brexit in wales. A health impact assessment approach. Technical Report Part 1. Available online: https://phw.nhs.wales/services-and-teams/policy-and-international-health-who-collaborating-centre-on-investment-for-health-well-being/publications-and-resources-bucket/implications-of-brexit-technical-report-part-1-english-only/ ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Green L, Lewis R, Evans L, Morgan L, Parry-Williams L, Azam S, Bellis MA (2020c). A COVID-19 pandemic world and beyond: the public health impact of home and agile working in Wales. Available at: https://phwwhocc.co.uk/whiasu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/05/PHW_HIA_Home_Working_Report.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Green L, Morgan L, Azam S, Evans L, Parry-Williams L, Petchey L, Bellis MA (2020b). A health impact assessment of the ‘staying at home and social distancing policy’ in wales in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://phwwhocc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/HIA-Rapid-Review-of-SAH-Policy-Main-Web_Final.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Green L, Wood S, Bellis MA. 2020a. Rising to the triple challenge of covid-19, Brexit, and climate change. BMJ. 370. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2798.
   Google Scholar
• Haigh F, Harris E, Harris-Roxas B, Baum F, Dannenberg AL, Harris MF, Keleher H, Kemp L, Morgan R, NG Chok H, et al. 2015. What makes health impact assessments successful? Factors contributing to effectiveness in Australia and New Zealand. BMC Public Health. 15(1). 1009. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2319-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris-Roxas B, Haigh F, Travaglia J, Kemp L. 2014. Evaluating the impact of equity focused health impact assessment on health service planning: three case studies. BMC Health Serv Res. 14(1):371. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasa T (2021). The mirage of European governance: how to resolve the “puzzle” of EU enlargment. Available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/european-institute/Assets/Documents/LEQS-Discussion-Papers/LEQSPaper169.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Heaney AK, Carrion D, Burkart K, Lesk C, Jack D. 2019. Climate change and physical activity: estimated impacts of ambient temperatures on bikeshare usage in New York City. Environ Health Perspect. 127(3):3. doi:10.1289/EHP4039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirono K, Haigh F, Gleeson D, Harris P, Thow AM, Friel S. 2016. Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the trans pacific partnership agreement. BMJ Open. 6(4):e010339. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton R. 2020. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet. 396(102255):874. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32000-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute for Fiscal Studies. (2020). The mental health effects of the first two months of lockdown and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/publications/14874 (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Fiscal Studies. (2020a). COVID-19 and disruptions to the health and social care of older people in England. Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/uploads/BN309-COVID-19-and-disruptions-to-the-health-and-social-care-of-older-people-in-England-1.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2022). Sixth assessment report. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/ ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson C, Price J, Tilley H (2021). How is the brexit trade agreement affecting the welsh economy? Economics observatory. Available at: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/how-is-the-brexit-trade-agreement-affecting-the-welsh-economy ( Accessed: 2022 May 11.
   Google Scholar
• Jones B (2022). The economic impact of crisis in Ukraine. Available at: https://www.cbi.org.uk/media/axfbhquj/22-03-14-russia_ukraine_uk-macro-impact_march.pdf (Accessed 2022 May 11).
   Google Scholar
• Joyce R, Xu X (2020). Sector shutdowns during the coronavirus crisis: which workers are most exposed? Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/publications/14791#:~:text=The%20lockdown%20will%20hit%20young,shut%20down%20as%20other%20employees (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Labonté R, Gleeson D, McNamara CL (2020) USMCA 2.0: a few improvements but far from a ‘healthy’ trade
   Google Scholar
• Leppo K, Ollila E, Peña S, Wismar M, Cook S (eds) (2013) Health in all policies: seizing opportunities, implementing policies. Available at: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/188809/Health-in-All-Policies-final.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Levi M, Kjellstrom T, Baldasseroni A. 2018. Impact of climate change on occupational health and productivity: a systematic literature review focusing on workplace heat. Med Lav. 109(3):163–179. doi:10.23749/mdl.v109i3.6851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love P, Stockdale-Otárola J, eds. 2017. Debate the Issues: complexity and Policy making. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD Insights. doi:10.1787/9789264271531-en
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M (2010). Fair society, healthy lives. Available at: https://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/resources-reports/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review/fair-society-healthy-lives-full-report-pdf.pdf ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Herd E, Morrison J (2020). Build back fairer: the COVID-19 marmot review. The Health Foundation. Available at https://www.health.org.uk/publications/build-back-fairer-the-covid-19-marmot-review (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Olmedo P., Green, L. 2020. Workshop: Health Impact assessment of climate change: monitoring and experiences. European Journal of Public Health. 30: Supp_5. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Olmedo P, Green L.2020. Workshop: health impact assessment of climate change: monitoring and experiences. Eur J Public Health. 30(Supp_5). 10.D
   Google Scholar
• McNamara C. 2017. Trade liberalization and social determinants of health: a state of the literature review. Soc Sci Med. 176:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara C, Labonté R. 2016. Trade, labour markets and health: a prospective policy analysis of the trans-pacific partnership. Int J Health Serv. 47(2):277–297. 10.1177/0020731416684325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore P (2016). How Britain voted at the EU referendum. YouGov. Available at https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2016/06/27/how-britain-voted. (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD. 2011. Understanding the cumulative impacts of inequalities in environmental health. Implications Policy Health Aff. 30:5.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan RK. 2012. Environmental impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assess Project Appraisal. 30(1):1. doi:10.1080/14615517.2012.661557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller AL, McNamara MS, Sinclair DA. 2020. Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging. 12(10):9959–9981. doi:10.18632/aging.103344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neill P (2021). Traffic levels return to near pre-pandemic levels. Air Quality News. Available at https://airqualitynews.com/2021/03/04/32431/ [Accessed 2022 May 11]
   Google Scholar
• Netherwood A (2021). Evidence for the third UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA3) summary for wales. Available at: https://www.ukclimaterisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CCRA-Evidence-Report-Wales-Summary-Final.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• NHS Wales Shared Service Partnership. (2021). NHS wales decarbonisations strategic delivery plan. Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-03/nhs-wales-decarbonisation-strategic-delivery-plan.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Nour K, Dutilly-Simard S, Brousselle A, Smits P, Buregeya J-M, Loslier J, Denis J-L. 2016. Evaluation of the effects of health impact assessment practice at the local level in Monteregie. Health Res Policy Syst. 14(1):7. doi:10.1186/s12961-016-0076-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OECD. (2017). Debate the issues: complexity and policy-making. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/naec/complexity_and_policymaking.pdf (Accessed 2022 May 11).
   Google Scholar
• One World. (2021). Have Brexit and COVID-19 hindered businesses green initiatives? Available at: https://www.oneworldexpress.com/have-brexit-and-covid-19-hindered-businesses-green-initiatives/ ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Parliament W. (2021). Proposal 018 – Peter Fox MS. Available at: https://senedd.wales/senedd-business/legislation/proposed-member-bills/tabled-proposals-for-a-member-bill/proposal-018-peter-fox-ms/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Parliament W. (2022). Health and social care committee 19.05. Available at: https://record.assembly.wales/Committee/12829#A72073 ( Accessed: 2022 Sept 26).
   Google Scholar
• Parry J, Stevens A. 2001. Prospective health impact assessment: pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. BMJ. 323(7322):1177. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7322.1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petchey L, Cresswell K (2022). What could post-brexit trade agreements mean for public health in Wales? Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/publications/publications1/what-could-post-brexit-trade-agreements-mean-for-public-health-in-wales/ (Accessed 2022 May 11).
   Google Scholar
• Petchey L, Green L, Edmonds N, Van Eimeren M, Morgan L, Azam S, Bellis MA (2019). The public health implications of brexit in wales: a health impact assessment approach. A rapid review and update. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/news/the-health-impacts-of-brexit-risks-of-harmful-impacts-increase-whilst-chances-of-positive-impacts-remain-unchanged/the-public-health-implications-of-brexit-in-wales-a-health-impact-assessment-approach-a-rapid-review-and-update/ ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. (2020). Disparities in the risk and outcomes of COVID-19. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908434/Disparities_in_the_risk_and_outcomes_of_COVID_August_2020_update.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. (2021). Alcoholic liver deaths increased by 21% during year of the pandemic. UK Government. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/alcoholic-liver-deaths-increased-by-21-during-year-of-the-pandemic (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Wales. (2021). Children and young people’s mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/publications/publications1/children-and-young-peoples-mental-well-being-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-report/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Wales. (2021a). Coping strategies made a difference to young people’s mental well-being during pandemic. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/news/coping-strategies-made-a-difference-to-young-peoples-mental-well-being-during-pandemic/ Accessed 2022 May 11)
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Wales. (2021b). Health and wellbeing impacts of climate change. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/services-and-teams/healthy-working-wales/climate-change/health-and-wellbeing-impacts-of-climate-change-infographics/ ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Wales. (2022). 2022 Mar 31 Board papers. Available online: https://phw.nhs.wales/about-us/board-and-executive-team/board-papers/board-meetings/2021-2022/31-march-2022/31-march-2022-board-papers/ (Accessed 2022 Sept 26).
   Google Scholar
• Pyper R, Cave B, Purdy J, McAvoy H (2021). Health impact assessment guidance: a manual. Standalone Health Impact Assessment and health in environmental assessment. Available at: https://publichealth.ie/hia/guidance.pdf ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Rivington M, King R, Duckett D, Iannetta P, Benton TG, Burgess PJ, Hawes C, Wellesley L, Polhill JG, Aitkenhead M, et al. 2021. UK food and nutrition security during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Bull. 46(1):88–97. doi:10.1111/nbu.12485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanello M, McGushin A, Di Napoli C, Drummond P, Hughes N, Jamart L, Kennard H, Lampard P, Solano Rodriguez B, Arnell N, et al. 2021. The 2021 report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet. 398(10311):1619–1662. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rume T, Islam S. 2020. Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon. 6(9):e04965. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• treaty. Global Health 16(43). DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00565-4
   Google Scholar
• UK Government. (2022). The retained EU law (recovation and reform) bill 2022. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-retained-eu-law-revocation-and-reform-bill-2022 ( Accessed: 2022 Nov 28.
   Google Scholar
• UNECE. (2020). Draft guidance on assessing health impacts in strategic environmental assessment. Available at: https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/eia/documents/WG.9_2020/Final_documents/2004508E.pdf (Accessed 2022 Nov 28).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2021). United nations comprehensive response to COVID-19. Available at: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/un-comprehensive-response-covid-19-2021.pdf (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Usman M, Husnain M, Riaz A, Riaz A, Ali Y. 2021. Climate change during the COVID-19 outbreak: scoping future perspectives. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 28(35):49302–49313. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14088-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hove M, Leng G. 2019. A more sustainable NHS. BMJ. 266:l4930. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4930.
   Google Scholar
• Van Schalkwyk MCI, Barlow P, Siles-Brügge G, Jarman H, Hervey T, McKee M. 2021. Brexit and trade policy: an analysis of the governance of UK trade policy and what it means for health and social justice. Global Health. 17(61). doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00697-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ventura‐Cots M, Watts AE, Cruz‐Lemini M, Shah ND, Ndugga N, McCann P, Barritt AS, Jain A, Ravi S, Fernandez‐Carrillo C, et al. 2018. Colder weather and fewer sunlight hours increase alcohol consumption and alcoholic cirrhosis worldwide. Hepatol. 69(5):1916–1930. doi:10.1002/hep.30315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschuuren M, Hilderink HBM, Vonk RAA. 2020. The dutch public health foresight study 2018: an example of a comprehensive foresight exercise. Eur J Public Health. 30(1):30–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wales Health Impact Assessment Support Unit (WHIASU). (2012). Health impact assessment. A practical guide. Wrexham (WHIASU). Available at: https://phwwhocc.co.uk/whiasu/whiasu-resources/health-impact-assessment-a-practical-guide-2/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Beagley J, Belesova K, Boykoff M, Byass P, Cai W, Campbell-Lendrum D. 2021. The 2020 report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. The Lancet. 397(10269):129–170. Epub 2020 Dec 2. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Dec 14;: PMID: 33278353. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2015). Well-being of future generations (wales) act. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2015/2/contents/enacted ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government.(2020). Written statement: Covid-19 vaccine deployment in wales. Available at: https://gov.wales/written-statement-covid-19-vaccine-deployment-wales ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2021a). White paper on a clean air (wales) bill. Available at: https://gov.wales/white-paper-clean-air-wales-bill ( Accessed:2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2022). Labour market overview. Available at: https://gov.wales/labour-market-overview ( Accessed: 2022 Mar 24.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler MS, Furu P, Viliani F, Cave B, Divall M, Ramesh G, Harris-Roxas B, Knoblauch AM. 2020. Current global health impact assessment practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(9):2988. doi:10.3390/ijerph17092988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler MS, Viliani F, Knoblauch AM, Cave B, Divall M, Ramesh G, Harris-Roxas B, Furu P. 2021. Health impact assessment international best practice principles. Special publication series. Fargo (USA): International Association of Impact Assessment 8 5
   Google Scholar
• Woodfine L, Green L, Evans L, Parry-Williams L, Heathcote-Elliott C, Grey C, Azam S, Bellis MA (2021). No place like home? Exploring the health and well-being impact of COVID-19 on housing and housing insecurity. Available at: https://phw.nhs.wales/publications/publications1/no-place-like-home-summary-report/ (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• Woods M (2020). Upland communities in wales: beyond brexit, COVID-19 and facing climate change. Available at: https://pure.aber.ac.uk/portal/en/activities/upland-communities-in-wales-beyond-brexit-covid19-and-facing-climate-change(cb142186-0c55-4a9a-bc97-8d4f64959a7a). html (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Health impact assessment (HIA) tools and methods. : https://www.who.int/tools/health-impact-assessments (Accessed: 2022b Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Key learning on health in all policies implementation from around the world – information brochure. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-CED-PHE-SDH-18.1 (Accessed 2022 Mar 24).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020). Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown. Available at https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/alcohol-use/news/news/2020/04/alcohol-does-not-protect-against-covid-19-access-should-be-restricted-during-lockdown [Accessed 2022 May 10]
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). Global analysis of health care waste in the context of COVID-19. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039612 [Accessed 2022 May 10].
   Google Scholar