Differences in the Perceived Influence of Natural Disasters and Travel Risk on International Travel

References

• Bielen , F. and Sempel , C. . Critical analysis of the dimensionality of the concept of intangibility: An empirical study . Paper presented at Acte del' AMA Sersig Research Conference . June 12–14 , Reims, France.
   Google Scholar
• Bontempo , R. N. , Bottom , W. P. and Weber , E. U. 1997 . Cross-cultural differences in risk perception: A model-based approach . Risk Analysis , 17 : 479 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brug , J. , Aro , A. , Oenema , A. , Zwart , O. , Richardus , J. and Bishop , G. 2004 . SARS risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the Netherlands . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 10 ( 8 ) : 1486 – 1489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , N. 2001 . An exploratory study of gendered differences in young tourists perception of danger within London . Tourism Management , 22 ( 5 ) : 565 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters . 2008 . Number of natural disasters by country: 1976–2005 Available at http://www.emdat.be/Database/Maps/WorldMap/wordmap_01.html(accessed 28 January 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , D. 1994 . Natural Hazards , South Melbourne, , Australia : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrica , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 17 November 2007 . Cyclone death toll soars to 1,000 17 November , Available at CNN News Website: http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/16/bangladesh.cyclone/(accessed 21 December 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Dahlburg , J. 2005 . Towns in big storms' path still winded . Los Angeles Times , : A16 30 May
   Google Scholar
• Darley , W. K. and Smith , R. E. 1995 . Gender differences in information processing strategies: An empirical test of the selectivity model in advertising response . Journal of Advertising , 24 ( 1 ) : 41 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) . 1995 . “ Natural and environmental disasters in 1995: A brief review of DHA's environment ” . In DHA Retrospective 1995 , United Nations Department Humanitarian Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar , S. 2005 . Understanding barriers to leisure travel: Tourist fears as a marketing basis . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 11 ( 3 ) : 197 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowling , G. and Staelin , R. 1994 . A model of perceived risk and intended risk-handling activity . Journal of Consumer Research , 21 ( 1 ) : 119 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabek , T. E. 1995 . Disaster responses within the tourism industry . International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters , 13 ( 1 ) : 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Duran , L. R. 1999 . “ The social impact of disaster ” . In Natural Disaster Management , Edited by: Ingleton , J. 16 – 19 . Leicester : Tudor Rose Holdings Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) . 2006 . Natural Disasters Available at http://www.fema.gov/hazard/index.shtm(accessed 23 December 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Fischhoff , B. , Watson , S. and Hope , C. 1984 . Defining risk . Policy Sciences , 17 : 123 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floyd , M. F. , Gibson , H. , Pennington-Gray , L. and Thapa , B. 2003 . “ The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001 ” . In Safety and Security in Tourism: Relationships, Management and Marketing , Edited by: Hall , C. M. , Timothy , D. J. and Duval , D. T. 19 – 38 . New York : The Haworth Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• Floyd , M. and Pennington-Gray , L. 2004 . Profiling risk perceptions of tourists . Annals of Tourism Research , 31 ( 4 ) : 1051 – 1054 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , G. and Reichel , A. 2004 . Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: An exploratory study . Tourism , 52 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , H. and Yiannakis , A. 2002 . Tourist roles: Needs and the adult life course . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 2 ) : 358 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimaraes , P. , Hefner , F. and Woodward , D. 1993 . Wealth and income effects of natural disasters: An econometric analysis of Hurricane Hugo . Review of Regional Studies , 23 ( 2 ) : 97 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. , Black , W. C. , Babin , B. J. , Anderson , R. E. and Tatham , R. L. 2006 . Multivariate data analysis , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Han , J. Y. 2005 . The relationships of perceived risk to personal factors, knowledge of destination, and travel purchase decisions in international leisure travel , PhD dissertation Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University .
   Google Scholar
• Hassett , W. L. and Handley , D. M. 2006 . Hurricane Katrina: Mississippi's response . Public Works Management and Policy , 10 ( 4 ) : 295 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. and Hofstede , G. 2005 . Cultures and Organizations; Software of the Mind, , 2nd edn , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , J. and Min , J. 2002 . Earthquake devastation and recovery in tourism: The Taiwan case . Tourism Management , 23 ( 1 ) : 145 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak , M. , Crotts , J. C. and Law , R. 2007 . The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers . International Journal of Tourism Research , 9 ( 4 ) : 233 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , L. W. . The Great USA flood of 1993 . Paper presented at IAHS Conference destructive water: water-caused natural disasters – their abatement and control . June 24–28 , Anaheim, California, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Laver , S. M. , Wetzels , J. and Behrens , R. H. 2001 . Knowledge of malaria, risk perception, and compliance with prophylaxis and personal and environmental preventive measures in travelers exiting Zimbabwe from Harare and Victoria Falls International Airport . Journal of Travel Medicine , 8 ( 6 ) : 298 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepp , A. and Gibson , H. 2003 . Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 30 ( 3 ) : 606 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loker-Murphy , L. and Pearce , P. 1995 . Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 4 ) : 819 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCrimmons , K. and Wehrung , D. 1986 . Taking Risks , NY : Macmillan Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Mattila , A. S. , Apostolopoulos , Y. , Sönmez , S. , Yu , L. and Sasidharan , V. 2001 . The impact of gender and religion on college students' spring break behavior . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 2 ) : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Mäser , B. and Weiermair , K. 1998 . Travel decision-making from the vantage point of perceived risk and information preferences . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 7 ( 4 ) : 107 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Metri , B. A. 2006 . Disaster mitigation framework for India using quality circle approach . Disaster Prevention and Management , 15 ( 4 ) : 621 – 635 .
   Google Scholar
• Millman , A. and Pizam , A. 1995 . The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination . Journal of Travel Research , 33 ( 3 ) : 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , V. and Vassos , V. 1997 . Perceived risk and risk reduction in holiday purchases: A cross-cultural and gender analysis . Journal of Euro-Marketing , 6 ( 3 ) : 47 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , P. E. and Bayley , R. 1989 . Tourism and disaster planning . Geographical Review , 79 ( 1 ) : 36 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , K. B. 1991 . A test of service marketing theory: Consumer information acquisition activities . Journal of Marketing , 55 ( 1 ) : 10 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , M. and Pikkemaat , B. 2005 . Crisis management in alpine winter sports resorts–the 1999 avalanche disaster in Tyrol . Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 19 ( 2 ) : 9 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. , Jeong , G. H. , Reichel , A. , Van Boemmel , H. , Lusson , J. M. , Steynberg , L. , State-Constance , O. , Volo , S. , Kroesbacher , C. , Kucerova , J. and Montmany , N. 2004 . The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study . Journal of Travel Research , 42 ( 3 ) : 251 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Reichel , A. , Fuchs , G. and Uriely , N. 2007 . Perceived risk and the non-institutionalized tourist role: The case of Israeli student ex-backpackers . Journal of Travel Research , 46 ( 2 ) : 217 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger , Y. and Mavondo , F. T. 2005 . Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 3 ) : 212 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger , Y. and Mavondo , F. T. 2006a . Cultural consequences on traveler risk perception and safety . Tourism Analysis , 11 ( 4 ) : 265 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger , Y. and Mavondo , F. T. 2006b . Cultural differences in travel risk perception . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 20 ( 1 ) : 13 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittichainuwat , B. N. 2006 . Tsunami recovery. A case study of Thailand's tourism . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 47 ( 4 ) : 390 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Robock , A. 2000 . Volcanic eruptions and climate . Reviews of Geophysics , 38 ( 2 ) : 191 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodda , J. 1999 . “ The natural of hazards ” . In Natural Disaster Management , Edited by: Ingleton , J. Leicester, , UK : Tudor Rose Holdings Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Roehl , W. and Fesenmaier , D. 1992 . Risk perceptions and pleasure travel: An exploratory analysis . Journal of Travel Research , 2 ( 4 ) : 17 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Samarajiva , R. 2005 . Mobilizing information and communications technologies for effective disaster warning: Lessons from the 2004 tsunami . New Media and Society , 7 ( 6 ) : 731 – 747 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman , L. G. and Kanuk , L. L. 2000 . Consumer Behavior , Upper Saddle River : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Seddighi , H. , Nuttall , M. and Theocharous , A. 2001 . Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special reference to political instability . Tourism Management , 22 ( 2 ) : 181 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley , R. 2005 . The tsunami and tourism: A comment . Current Issues in Tourism , 8 ( 4 ) : 344 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Shultz , J. M. , Russell , J. and Espinel , Z. 2005 . Epidemiology of tropical cyclones: The dynamics of disaster, disease and development . Epidemiologic Reviews , 27 ( 1 ) : 21 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. 2003 . In the eyes of the beholder? Making sense of the system(s) of disaster(s) , Liverpool : Center for Risk and Crisis Management, University of Liverpool Management School . Unpublished paper
   Google Scholar
• Sönmez , S. F. and Graefe , A. R. 1998 . Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 ( 1 ) : 112 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sustainlane . 2006 . US city rankings (Sustainlane). Cities by category ranking: Natural disaster risk Available at http://www.sustainlane.com/us-city-rankings/natural_disaster_risk.jsp(accessed 23 January 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2007 . Using Multivariate Statistics , Boston, MA : Pearson Education, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Tourism Bureau Taiwan (TBT) . 2000 . Annual Report on Tourism 1999 , Republic of China, , Taipei : Tourism Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Tsaur , S. H. , Tzeng , G. H. and Wang , K. C. 1997 . Evaluating tourist risks from fuzzy perspectives . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 ( 4 ) : 796 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) . 2006 . Natural disaster reduction Available at http://www.unesco.org/science/disaster/about_disaster.shtml#definition(accessed 15 December 2006)
   Google Scholar
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) . 2006 . Landslide at Mount St. Helens volcano triggers explosive eruption on May 18, 1980 Available at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/Landslides/MSHSlide.html(accessed 23 December 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Weber , E. U. and Hsee , C. 1998 . Cross-cultural differences in risk perception, but cross-cultural similarities in attitudes towards perceived risk . Management Science , 44 ( 9 ) : 1205 – 1217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisaeth , L. , Knudsen , O. and Tonnessen , A. 2002 . Technological disasters, crisis management and leadership stress . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 93 ( 1 ) : 33 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogalter , M. S. , Conzola , V. C. and Vigilante , W. J. . Applying usability engineering principles to the design and testing of warning messages . Paper presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society . 27 September–1 October , Houston, TX, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Wood , R. A. 2001 . The Weather Almanac, , 10th edn , Farmington Hills, MI : Gale Group, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization (WTO) . 2005 . Tsunami recovery update . WTO World Tourism Barometer , 3 ( 3 ) : 17
   Google Scholar
• Yavas , U. 1987 . Foreign travel behavior in growing vacation market: Implications for tourism marketers . European Journal of Marketing , 21 ( 5 ) : 57 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeithaml , V. A. and Bitner , M. J. 2003 . Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the Firm, , 3rd edn , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Zillman , J. 1999 . “ The physical impact of disaster ” . In Natural Disaster Management , Edited by: Ingleton , J. 12 – 15 . Leicester : Tudor Rose Holdings Limited. .
   Google Scholar