Publication Cover
Tourism Geographies
An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment
Volume 14, 2012 - Issue 1
5,841
Views
94
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Positive and Negative Urban Tourist Crowding: Florence, Italy

Pages 50-72 | Published online: 01 Nov 2011

References

  • Andereck , K. L. and Becker , R. H. 1993 . Perceptions of carry-over crowding in recreation environments . Leisure Sciences , 15 ( 1 ) : 25 – 35 .
  • Arnberger , A. , Aikoh , T. , Eder , R. , Shoji , Y. and Mieno , T. 2010 . How many people should be in the urban forest? A comparison of trail preferences of Vienna and Sapporo forest visitor segments . Urban Forestry & Urban Greening , 9 : 215 – 225 .
  • Arnberger , A. and Brandenburg , C. 2007 . Past on-site experience, crowding perceptions, and use displacement of visitor groups to a peri-urban national park . Environmental Management , 40 ( 1 ) : 34 – 45 .
  • Becheri , E. 2005 . Il turismo: un rospo da baciare . Available at http://www.istitutoveneto.it/iv/attivita/convegniescuole/abstractturismo/Becheri.pdf (accessed 20 December 2009)
  • Beeton , S. and Benfield , R. 2002 . Demand control: The case for demarketing as a visitor and environmental management tool . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 10 ( 6 ) : 497 – 513 .
  • Bryon , J. and Neuts , B. 2008 . Crowding and the tourist experience in an urban environment: a structural equation modeling approach . Available at http://www.kuleuven.be/steunpunttoerisme/main/files/nieuwsbrief/oktober_2008/paperNVVS_bart_neuts.pdf (accessed 20 December 2009)
  • Butler , R. 1980 . The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for the management of resources . Canadian Geographer , 24 ( 1 ) : 5 – 12 .
  • Comune Network . 2010 . Firenze (2010): Piano strategic dell’area metropolitan fiorentina (Firenze) Available at http://firenzefutura.org (accessed 17 July 2010)
  • Ditton , R. B. , Fedler , A. J. and Graefe , A. R. 1983 . Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding . Leisure Sciences , 5 ( 4 ) : 273 – 288 .
  • Donnelly , M. P. , Vaske , J. J. , Whittaker , D. and Shelby , B. 2000 . Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research . Environmental Management , 25 ( 4 ) : 403 – 414 .
  • ECM . 2009 . European Cities Visitors REPORT 2008/09 Dijon
  • European Commission . 2000 . Towards quality urban tourism. Integrated quality management (IQM) of urban tourist destinations Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/files/studies/towards_quality_tourism_rural_urban_coastal/iqm_urban_en.pdf (accessed 9 September 2010)
  • Fainstein , S. S. and Judd , D. R. 1999 . “ Global forces, local strategies, and urban tourism ” . In The Tourist City , Edited by: Judd , D. R. and Fainstein , S. S. 1 – 17 . New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Fleishman , L. , Feitelson , E. and Salomon , I. 2004 . The role of cultural and demographic diversity in crowding perception: Evidence from nature reserves in Israel . Tourism Analysis , 9 ( 1–2 ) : 23 – 40 .
  • Fleishman , L. , Feitelson , E. and Salomon , I. 2007 . Behavioural adaptations to crowding disturbance: Evidence from nature reserves in Israel . Leisure Sciences , 29 ( 1 ) : 37 – 52 .
  • Freytag , T. 2008 . Making a difference: tourist practices of repeat visitors in the city of Paris . Social Geography Discussion , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 25 . Available at http://www.soc-geogr-discuss.net/4/1/2008/sgd-4-1-2008.pdf (accessed 20 December 2009)
  • Freytag , T. and Popp , M. 2009 . Der Boom im europäischen Städtetourismus. Grundlagen, Entwicklungen, Wirkungen . Geographische Rundschau , 61 ( 2 ) : 4 – 11 .
  • Glasson , J. , Godfrey , K. and Goodey , H. 1995 . Towards Visitor Impact Management – Visitor Impacts, Carrying Capacity and Management Responses in Europe's Historic Towns and Cities , Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing Company .
  • Graefe , A. R. , Vaske , J. J. and Kuss , F. R. 1984 . Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research . Leisure Sciences , 6 ( 4 ) : 395 – 431 .
  • Hall , C. M. and Page , S. J. 2002 . Geography of Tourism and Recreation: Environment, Place and Space , London : Routledge .
  • Hall , T. and Shelby , B. 2000 . Temporal and spatial displacement: Evidence from a high-use reservoir and alternate sites . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 435 – 456 .
  • Hennig , C. 2002 . Florenz , Köln : DuMont .
  • Hopfinger , H. 2007 . “ Städte- und Shoppingtourismus als postmoderne Wachstumsmaschinen ” . In Tourismusforschung in Bayern. Aktuelle sozialwissenschaftliche Beiträge , Edited by: Günther , A. , Hopfinger , H. , Kagelmann , H. J. and Kiefl , W. 103 – 106 . München , , Wien : Profil Verlag .
  • Irpet & Regione Toscana . 2008 . Turismo & Toscana. La congiuntura 2007 (Firenze)
  • Johnson , A. K. and Dawson , C. P. 2004 . An exploratory study of the complexities of coping behavior in Adriondack Wilderness . Leisure Sciences , 26 ( 3 ) : 281 – 293 .
  • Kagermeier , A. 2008 . “ Städtetourismus zwischen Kultur ud Kommerz. Grundlagen zu einem sich dynamisch entwickelnden touristischen Angebotssegment ” . In Städtetourismus zwischen Kultur und Kommerz , Edited by: Freytag , T. and Kagermeier , A. 13 – 24 . München , , Wien : Profil .
  • Kearsley , G. and Coughlan , D. 1999 . Coping with crowding: Tourist displacement in the New Zealand backcountry . Current Issues in Tourism , 2 ( 2 ) : 197 – 210 .
  • Kuentzel , W. F. , Laven , D. , Manning , R. E. and Valliere , W. A. 2008 . When do normative standards matter most? Understanding the role of norm strength at multiple national park settings . Leisure Sciences , 30 ( 2 ) : 127 – 142 .
  • Law , C. M. 1993 . Urban Tourism. Attracting Visitors to Large Cities , London : Mansell .
  • Lee , H. and Graefe , A. R. 2003 . Crowding at an arts festival: Extending crowding models to the frontcountry . Tourism Management , 24 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
  • Loda , M. 2008 . “ Il centro storico di Firenze fra turismo e residenza ” . In Il turismo nello sviluppo e nella politica della città , Edited by: Adamo , F. 137 – 145 . Bologna : Pàtron .
  • Loda , M. 2010 . L’immagine di Firenze fra esperienza turistica e qualità urbana . Rivista Geografica Italiana , 117 ( 2 ) : 289 – 325 .
  • Lozato-Giotart , J.-P. 2003 . Geographia del turismo. Dallo spazio visitato allo spazio consumato , Milano : FrancoAngeli .
  • Manning , R. E. 1999 . Studies in Outdoor Recreation – Search and Research for Satisfaction , Corvallis , Oregon : Oregon State University Press .
  • Manning , R. and Valliere , W. 2001 . Coping in outdoor recreation: Causes and consequences of crowding and conflict among community residents . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 ( 4 ) : 410 – 426 .
  • Manning , R. , Valliere , W. , Minteer , B. , Wang , B. and Jacobi , C. 2000 . Crowding in parks and outdoor recreation: A theoretical, empirical, and managerial analysis . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration , 18 ( 4 ) : 57 – 72 .
  • Mowen , A. J. , Vogelsong , H. G. and Graefe , A. R. 2003 . Perceived crowding and its relationship to crowd management practices at park and recreation events . Event Management , 8 ( 2 ) : 63 – 72 .
  • Moyle , B. and Croy , G. 2007 . Crowding and visitor satisfaction during the off-season: Port Campbell National Park . Annals of Leisure Research , 10 ( 3–4 ) : 518 – 531 .
  • Pearce , P. L. and Lee , U.-I. 2005 . Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation . Journal of Travel Research , 43 ( 3 ) : 226 – 237 .
  • Popp , M. 2010 . Mass tourism in historic cities – Effects on the tourists’ experiences and possible risks for future development . Rivista Geographica Italiana , 18 ( 2 ) : 351 – 377 .
  • Riganti , P. and Nijkamp , P. 2008 . Congestion in popular tourist areas: a multi-attribute experimental choice analysis of willingness-to-wait in Amsterdam . Tourism Economics , 14 ( 1 ) : 25 – 44 .
  • Russo , A. 2002 . The vicious circle of tourism development in heritage cities . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 1 ) : 165 – 182 .
  • Ryan , C. and Cessford , G. 2003 . Developing a visitor satisfaction monitoring methodology: Quality gaps, crowding and some results . Current Issues in Tourism , 6 ( 6 ) : 457 – 507 .
  • Selby , M. 2004 . Consuming the city: Conceptualizing and researching urban tourist knowledge . Tourism Geographies , 6 ( 2 ) : 186 – 207 .
  • Stankey , G. H. 1989 . “ Solitude for the multitudes. Managing recreational use in the wilderness ” . In Public Places and Spaces , Edited by: Altman , I. and Zube , E. H. 277 – 299 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1990 . Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory and Procedures and Techniques , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
  • Thibaud , J.-P. 2001 . “ La méthode des parcours commentés ” . In L’espace urbain en méthodes , Edited by: Grosjean , M. and Thibaud , J.-P. 79 – 99 . Marseille : Éditions Parenthèses .
  • Ufficio Comunale di Statistica . 2009 . Popolazione residente al 30 Novembre 2009 . Available at http://statistica.comune.fi.it (accessed 14 December 2009)
  • UNESCO . 1982 . Report of the 6th session of the World Heritage Committee . Available at http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom82.htm#174 (accessed 23 April 2009)
  • Vaske , J. J. and Donnelly , M. P. 2002 . Generalizing the encounter-norm-crowding relationship . Leisure Sciences , 24 ( 3–4 ) : 255 – 269 .
  • Vaske , J. J. , Donnelly , M. P. and Petruzzi , J. P. 1996 . Country of origin, encounter norms and crowding in a frontcountry setting . Leisure Sciences , 18 ( 2 ) : 161 – 176 .
  • Vaske , J. J. and Shelby , L. B. 2008 . Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research . Leisure Sciences , 30 ( 2 ) : 111 – 126 .
  • Wang , N. 1999 . Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 ( 2 ) : 349 – 370 .
  • Westover , T. N. and Collins , J. R. Jr. 1987 . Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study . Leisure Sciences , 9 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
  • Wickham , T. and Kerstetter , D. 2000 . The relationship between place attachment and crowding in an event setting . Event Management , 6 ( 3 ) : 167 – 174 .
  • Zhang , J. , Inbakaran , R. J. and Jackson , M. S. 2006 . Understanding community attitudes towards tourism and host–guest interaction in the urban–rural border region . Tourism Geographies , 8 ( 2 ) : 182 – 204 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.