Publication Cover
Tourism Geographies
An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment
Volume 15, 2013 - Issue 2
1,346
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
GENERAL ARTICLES

Diaspora and Tourism: Transylvanian Saxons Visiting the Homeland

&
Pages 198-232 | Published online: 29 Feb 2012

References

  • Akeroyd , J. 2006 . The Historic Countryside of the Saxon Villages of Southern Transylvania , Bucharest , , Romania : Art Group International .
  • Akhtar , S. 1999 . The immigrant, the exile, and the experience of nostalgia . Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies , 1 ( 2 ) : 123 – 130 . doi: 10.1023/A:1023029020496
  • Ancestral Scotland . 2011 . Available at http://www.ancestralscotland.com/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Archibald , R. R. 2002 . “ A personal history of memory ” . In Social Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives , Edited by: Climo , J. J. and Catell , M. G. 65 – 80 . Walnut Creek , CA : Altamira Press .
  • Asiedu , A. 2005 . Some benefits of migrants’ return visits to Ghana . Population, Space and Place , 11 : 1 – 11 . doi: 10.1002/psp.350
  • Auner , D. 2006 . Leaving Transylvania , Germany, Ireland, Romania : Dieter Auner Production .
  • Backer , E. 2011 . VFR travel: It is underestimated . Tourism Management , DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman. 2011.01.027 (accessed 30 April 2011)
  • Baldassar , L. 2001 . Visits Home: Migration Experiences between Italy and Australia , Melbourne , , Australia : Melbourne University Press .
  • Basu , P. 2001 . “ Hunting down home: Reflections on homeland and the search for identity in the Scottish diaspora ” . In Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place , Edited by: Bender , B. and Winer , M. 333 – 348 . Oxford : Berg .
  • Basu , P. 2004a . “ Route metaphors of ‘roots tourism’ in the Scottish Highland diaspora ” . In Reframing Pilgrimage: Culture in Motion , Edited by: Coleman , S. and Eade , J. 150 – 174 . London : Routledge .
  • Basu , P. 2004b . My own island home: The Orkney homecoming . Journal of Material Culture , 9 ( 1 ) : 27 – 42 . doi: 10.1177/1359183504041088
  • Basu , P. 2005 . “ Roots-tourism as return movement: Semantics and the Scottish diaspora ” . In Emigrant Homecomings: The Return Movement of Emigrants, 1600–2000 , Edited by: Harper , M. 131 – 150 . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Basu , P. 2007 . Highland Homecomings: Genealogy and Heritage Tourism in the Scottish Diaspora , Abingdon : Routledge .
  • Beck , U. 2000 . What is Globalization? , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Brah , A. 1996 . Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities , London : Routledge .
  • Bruner , E. M. 1996 . Tourism in Ghana: Representation of slavery and the return of the Black Diaspora . American Anthropologist , 98 ( 2 ) : 290 – 304 . doi: 10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00060
  • Butler , D. L. , Carter , P. L. and Brunn , S. D. 2002 . African American travel agents: travails and survival . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 4 ) : 1022 – 1035 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00022-1
  • Cadzow , J. F. , Ludanyi , A. and Elteto , L. J. 1983 . Transylvania. The Roots of Ethnic Conflict , Kent , OH : Kent University Press .
  • Carter , S. 2004 . “ Mobilising Hrvatsko: Tourism and politics in the Croatian diaspora ” . In Tourism, Diasporas and Space , Edited by: Coles , T. and Timothy , D. J. 188 – 201 . London : Routledge .
  • Clifford , J. 1994 . Diasporas . Cultural Anthropology , 9 ( 3 ) : 302 – 338 . doi: 10.1525/can.1994.9.3.02a00040
  • Cohen , E. 1974 . Who is a tourist? A conceptual clarification . The Sociological Review , 22 ( 4 ) : 527 – 550 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1974.tb00507.x
  • Cohen , R. 1997 . Global Diasporas: An Introduction , London : Routledge .
  • Coles , T. E. and Timothy , D. J. 2004 . Tourism, Diasporas and Space , London : Routledge .
  • Cordell , K. and Wolff , S. 2003 . “ Ethnic Germans as a language minority in Central and Eastern Europe: Legislative and policy frameworks in Poland, Hungary and Romania ” . In Minority Languages in Europe , Edited by: Hogan-Brun , G. and Wolff , S. 89 – 119 . London : Palgrave-Macmillan .
  • 2011 . “ Demokratische Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien – Forum Democrat al Germanilor din România ” . Available at http://www.fdgr.ro/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • De Zayas , A.-M. 1994 . A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944–1950 , New York : St Martin's Press .
  • Di Giovine , M. A. 2009 . The Heritage-Scape: UNESCO, World Heritage and Tourism , Plymouth : Lexington Books .
  • Drozdzewski , D. 2007 . A place called ‘Bielany’: Negotiating a diasporic Polish place in Sydney . Social & Cultural Geography , 8 ( 6 ) : 853 – 869 . doi: 10.1080/14649360701712594
  • Duval , D. T. 2003 . When hosts become guests: Return visits and diasporic identities in a Commonwealth Eastern Caribbean community . Current Issues in Tourism , 6 ( 4 ) : 267 – 308 . doi: 10.1080/13683500308667957
  • European Commission Languages . 2011 . “ The Euromosaic Study ” . Available at http://www.ec.europa.eu/education/languages/euromosaic/doc4518_en.htm/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Fabini , H. 2007 . The Church-Fortresses of the Transylvanian Saxons , Sibiu , , Romania : Editura Monumenta .
  • Feng , K. and Page , S. J. 2000 . An exploratory study of the tourism, migration-immigration nexus: Travel experiences of Chinese residents in New Zealand . Current Issues in Tourism , 3 ( 3 ) : 246 – 281 . doi: 10.1080/13683500008667875
  • Florian , C. M. 2008 . Zweieinhalb Störche. Roman einer Kindheit in Siebenbürgen , Berlin : Transit .
  • Gräf , R. and Grigoraş , M. 2003 . “ The emigration of the ethnic Germans of Romania under Communist rule ” . In Tolerance and Intolerance in Historical Perspective , Edited by: Lévai , C. and Vese , V. 53 – 71 . Pisa , , Italy : Edizioni Plus .
  • Gündisch , K. 1998 . Siebenbürgen und die Siebenbürger Sachsen , Bonn , , Germany : Langen-Müller .
  • Haley , A. 1976 . Roots. The Saga of an American Family , New York : Doubleday Book .
  • Hall , C. M. and Duval , D. T. 2004 . “ Linking diasporas and tourism, in: ” . In Tourism, Diasporas and Space , Edited by: Coles , T. and Timothy , D. J. 78 – 94 . London : Routledge .
  • Hirsch , M. and Spitzer , L. 2002 . We would not have come without you: Generations of nostalgia . American Imago , 59 ( 3 ) : 253 – 276 . doi: 10.1353/aim.2002.0018
  • Homecoming Scotland . 2011 . Available at http://www.homecomingscotland2009.com/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Illyés , E. 1982 . National Minorities in Romania , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Iorio , M. and Corsale , A. 2010 . Rural tourism and livelihood strategies in Romania . Journal of Rural Studies , 26 ( 2 ) : 152 – 162 . doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.10.006
  • Irish Ancestral Holidays . 2011 . Available at http://www.discoverireland.com/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Jackson , R. T. 1990 . VFR tourism: is it underestimated? . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 1 ( 2 ) : 10 – 17 .
  • Kelly , M. E. 2000 . Ethnic pilgrimages: People of Lithuanian descent in Lithuania . Sociological Spectrum , 20 : 65 – 91 . doi: 10.1080/027321700280035
  • King , B. 1994 . What is ethnic tourism? An Australian perspective . Tourism Management , 15 ( 3 ) : 173 – 176 . doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90101-5
  • King , B. E. M. and Gamage , M. A. 1994 . Measuring the value of ethnic connection: expatriate travelers from Australia to Sri Lanka . Journal of Travel Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 46 – 49 . doi: 10.1177/004728759403300208
  • King , R. 2010 . “ Geography and diasporas ” . In Dove finisce il mare , Edited by: Iorio , M. and Sistu , G. 195 – 212 . Cagliari , , Italy : Sandhi .
  • King , R. and Christou , A. 2008 . “ Cultural geography of counter-diasporic migration: the second generation returns ‘home’. Sussex Migration Working Paper No. 45 ” . Brighton : Sussex Centre for Migration Research, University of Sussex .
  • Klemm , M. 2002 . Tourism and ethnic minorities in Bradford: the invisible segment . Journal of Travel Research , 41 : 85 – 91 .
  • Knopp , G. 2001 . Die Grosse Flucht. Das Schicksal der Vertriebenen , Munich , , Germany : Econ Verlag .
  • Koranyi , J. and Wittlinger , R. 2011 . From diaspora to diaspora: The case of Transylvanian Saxons in Romania and Germany . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics , 17 : 96 – 115 . doi: 10.1080/13537113.2011.550248
  • Kropinova , E. 2006 . Will tourism become ‘pole of growth’ of the Kaliningrad economy? . Baltic Rim Economies , 6 : 12
  • Legrand , C. 2002 . Circulation et cosmopolitisme en Europe: Du tourisme généalogique dans l’Irlande contemporaine . Revue de Synthèse , 135 : 131 – 147 . doi: 10.1007/BF02963324
  • Levy , A. 2004 . “ Homecoming to the diaspora: Nation and state in visits of Israelis to Morocco ” . In Homecomings: Unsettling Paths of Return , Edited by: Markowitz , F. and Stefansson , A. H. 92 – 108 . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books .
  • Lew , A. A. and Wong , A. 2002 . “ Tourism and the Chinese diaspora ” . In Tourism and Migration: New Relationships between Production and Consumption , Edited by: Hall , C. M. and Williams , A. M. 205 – 219 . Dordrecht , , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Lew , A. A. and Wong , A. 2004 . “ Sojourners, guanxi and clan associations: Social capital and overseas Chinese tourism to China ” . In Tourism, Diasporas and Space , Edited by: Coles , T. and Timothy , D. J. 202 – 214 . London : Routledge .
  • Lowenthal , D. 1985 . The Past is a Foreign Country , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Markowitz , F. 2004 . “ The home(s) of homecomings ” . In Homecomings: Unsettling Paths of Return , Edited by: Markowitz , F. and Stefansson , A. H. 21 – 33 . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books) .
  • Mavroudi , E. 2007 . Diaspora as process: (de)constructing boundaries . Geography Compass , 1 ( 3 ) : 467 – 479 . doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00033.x
  • McCain , G. and Ray , N. M. 2003 . Legacy tourism: the search for personal meaning in heritage travel . Tourism Management , 24 ( 6 ) : 713 – 717 . doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00048-7
  • Merriam , S. B. 2002 . Qualitative Research in Practice , San Francisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • Michalon , B. 2003 . Migration de Saxons de Roumanie en Allemagne. Mythe, interdépendance et altérité dans le ‘retour’ , Poitiers , , France : Doctoral dissertation, Géographie .
  • Mitchell , K. 1997 . Different diasporas and the type of hybridity . Environmental and Planning D: Society and Space , 15 : 533 – 553 . doi: 10.1068/d150533
  • Morgan , N. , Pritchard , A. and Pride , R. 2002 . Marketing to the Welsh diaspora: The appeal to hiraeth and homecoming . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 9 ( 1 ) : 69 – 80 . doi: 10.1177/135676670200900105
  • Moscardo , D. , Pearce , P. , Morrison , A. , Green , D. and O’Leary , J. T. 2000 . Developing a typology for understanding visiting friends and relatives markets . Journal of Travel Research , 38 : 251 – 259 . doi: 10.1177/004728750003800307
  • Müller , H. 2009 . Atemschaukel (Everything I Possess I Carry With Me) , Munich : Carl Hauser Verlag .
  • Nash , C. 2002 . Genealogical identities . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 20 : 27 – 52 . doi: 10.1068/d314
  • Nguyen , T. H. and King , B. 2002 . “ Migrant communities and tourism consumption: The case of Vietnamese in Australia ” . In Tourism and Migration: New Relationships between Production and Consumption , Edited by: Hall , C. M. and Williams , A. M. 221 – 240 . Dordrecht , , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Nguyen , T. H. and King , B. 2004 . “ The culture of tourism in the diaspora: The case of the Vietnamese community in Australia ” . In Tourism, Diasporas and Space , Edited by: Coles , T. and Timothy , D. J. 172 – 187 . London : Routledge .
  • Ní Laoire , C. 2003 . Locating geographies of diaspora . International Journal of Population Geography , 9 ( 4 ) : 275 – 280 . doi: 10.1002/ijpg.286
  • Nora , P. 1989 . Between memory and history: Les lieux de mémoire . Representation , 26 : 7 – 25 . doi: 10.1525/rep.1989.26.1.99p0274v
  • Nypan , T. 2006 . Safeguarding the Saxon Heritage in Transylvania , Oslo , , Norway : Riksantikvaren . PREM Project Final Report
  • O’Flaherty , M. , Skrbiš , Z. and Tranter , B. 2007 . Home visits: Transnationalism among Australian migrants . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 30 ( 5 ) : 817 – 844 . doi: 10.1080/01419870701491820
  • Ostrowski , S. 1991 . Ethnic tourism: Focus on Poland . Tourism Management , 12 ( 2 ) : 125 – 131 . doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(91)90067-4
  • Oxfeld , E. 2004 . “ Chinese villagers and the moral dilemmas of return visits ” . In Coming Home: Refugees, Migrants, and Those Who Stayed Behind , Edited by: Long , L. D. and Oxfeld , E. 90 – 103 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Paikert , G. C. 1967 . The Danube Swabians. German Populations in Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia and Hitler's Impact on Their Patterns , The Hague , , Netherlands : Nijhoff .
  • Palfreyman , R. 2000 . Edgar Reitz's Heimat: Histories, Traditions, Fictions , Bern , , Switzerland : Peter Lang .
  • Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Peleikis , A. Performing the past: German ‘roots tourists in Lithuania’ . Paper presented at the ASA Conference, Thinking through tourism . London Metropolitan University . 10–13 April 2007. Available at http://www.theasa.org/conferences/asa07/asa07book.pdf (accessed 2 March 2010)
  • Pickering , M. and Keightley , E. 2006 . The modalities of nostalgia . Current Sociology , 54 ( 6 ) : 919 – 941 . doi: 10.1177/0011392106068458
  • Rapport , N. and Dawson , A. 1998 . “ Home and movement: A polemic ” . In Migrants of Identity: Perceptions of Home in a World of Movement , Edited by: Rapport , N. and Dawson , A. 19 – 38 . Oxford : Berg .
  • Read , P. 1996 . Return to Nothing: The Meaning of Lost Places , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Reitz , E. 1984 . Heimat , Germany : Edgar Reitz Film .
  • Reitz , E. 1992 . Heimat 2 Germany: Edgar Reitz Film
  • Reitz , E. 2004 . Heimat 3 Germany: Edgar Reitz Film
  • Richards , S. L. 2005 . What is to be remembered? Tourism to Ghana's slave castle Dungeons . Theatre Journal , 57 : 617 – 637 . doi: 10.1353/tj.2006.0044
  • Riley , B. and Dinescu , D. 2007 . Transylvania , London : Frances Lincoln .
  • Rouček , J. S. 1971 . Contemporary Romania and Her Problems: A Study in Modern Nationalism , Manchester , NH : Ayer Publishing .
  • Safran , W. 1991 . Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return . Diaspora , 1 ( 1 ) : 83 – 99 . doi: 10.1353/dsp.1991.0004
  • Safran Foer , J. 2002 . Everything is Illuminated , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Schechtmann , J. B. 1946 . The elimination of German minorities in southeastern Europe . Journal of Central European Affairs , 6 ( 2 ) : 157
  • Scheyvens , R. 2007 . Poor cousins no more: Valuing the development potential of domestic and diaspora tourism . Progress in Development Studies , 7 ( 4 ) : 307 – 325 . doi: 10.1177/146499340700700403
  • Schramm , K. 2004 . “ Coming home to the Motherland: Pilgrimage tourism in Ghana ” . In Reframing Pilgrimage: Cultures in Motion , Edited by: Coleman , S. and Eade , J. 133 – 149 . London : Routledge .
  • Schuller , W. 1999 . Die Mundart der Siebenbürger Sachsen Available at www.siebenbuerger-sachsen-bw.de/buch/sachsen/12.htm/ (accessed 8 January 2010)
  • Seaton , A. V. 1997 . The status of the visiting friends and relatives category in recent tourism analysis . Tourism Review , 52 ( 4 ) : 52 – 62 . doi: 10.1108/eb058262
  • Shuval , J. T. 2000 . Diaspora migration: Definitional ambiguities and a theoretical paradigm . International Migration , 38 ( 5 ) : 41 – 57 . doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00127
  • SibiWeb . 2011 . Available at http://www.sibiweb.de/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Siebenbürgen . 2011 . Available at http://www.siebenbuergen.de/ (accessed 12 September 2011)
  • Skrbiš , Z. 1999 . Long-distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities , Brookfield , VT : Ashgate Publishing Company .
  • Smith , G. and Jackson , P. 1999 . Narrating the nation: The ‘imagined community’ of Ukrainians in Bradford . Journal of Historical Geography , 25 ( 3 ) : 367 – 387 . doi: 10.1006/jhge.1999.0120
  • Steigerwald , J. 1985 . Tracing Romania's Heterogeneous German Minority from Its Origins to the Diaspora , Winona , MN : Translation and Interpretation Service .
  • Steigerwald , J. 2009 . Finding Vital 1796–1945 Data Regarding German and Hungarian Ancestors of Banat(ska) Topola and Novo Selo. An Exposé About the Local 1945–1946 Internment Camp for Germans in Yugoslavia , Littleton , CO : Translation and Interpretation Service .
  • Stephenson , M. L. 2002 . Travelling to the ancestral homelands: The aspirations and experiences of a UK Caribbean community . Current Issues in Tourism , 5 ( 5 ) : 378 – 425 . doi: 10.1080/13683500208667932
  • Süssner , H. Still yearning for the lost Heimat? Ethnic German expellees and the politics of belonging . Paper presented at the ECPR Conference . September 18–21 2003 , Marburg , Germany. Philipps-Universität .
  • Thanopoulos , J. and Walle , A. H. 1988 . Ethnicity and its relevance to marketing: The case of tourism . Journal of Travel Research , 26 ( 3 ) : 11 – 14 . doi: 10.1177/004728758802600305
  • Timothy , D. J. 1997 . Tourism and the personal heritage experience . Annals of Tourism Research , 24 ( 3 ) : 751 – 754 . doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00006-6
  • Timothy , D. J. and Guelke , J. K. 2008 . Geography and Genealogy: Locating Personal Pasts , Aldershot , , UK : Ashgate .
  • Tiplic , I. M. 2006 . The Fortified Churches of Transylvanian Saxons , Bucharest , , Romania : Noi Media Print .
  • UNESCO . 1999 . “ Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania ” . Available at http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/596 (accessed 14 September 2010)
  • Urry , J. 2002 . The Tourist Gaze , 2nd , London : Sage .
  • Verdery , K. 1983 . Transylvanian Villagers: Three Centuries of Political, Economic, and Ethnic Change, 1700–1980 , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Verdery , K. 1985 . The unmaking of an ethnic collectivity: Transylvania's Germans . American Ethnologist , 12 ( 1 ) : 62 – 83 . doi: 10.1525/ae.1985.12.1.02a00040
  • Voigt-Graf , C. 2008 . Transnationalism and the Indo-Fijian diaspora: The relationship of Indo-Fijians to India and its people . Journal of Intercultural Studies , : 81 – 109 . doi: 10.1080/07256860701759956
  • Wagner , E. , Schneider , E. R. , Gross , M. and Intscher , M. 1982 . Transylvanian Saxons: Historical Highlights , Cleveland , OH : Alliance of Transylvanian Saxons .
  • White , J. J. 2002 . “ A Romanian German in Germany. The challenge of ethnic and ideological identity in Herta Müller's literary work ” . In Coming Home to Germany? The Integration of Ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe in the Federal Republic , Edited by: Rock , D. and Wolff , S. 171 – 187 . New York : Berghahn .
  • White , P. 1995 . “ Geography, literature and migration ” . In Writing across Worlds: Literature and Migration , Edited by: King , R. , Connell , J. and White , P. 1 – 19 . London : Routledge .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.