References
- Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347.
- Asafu-Adjaye, J., & Tapsuwan, S. (2008). A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1122–1130.
- Barker, N. H. L., & Roberts, C.M. (2004). Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biological Conservation, 120(4), 481–489.
- Biggs, D. (2011). Understanding resilience in a vulnerable industry: The case of reef tourism in Australia. Ecology and Society, 16(1), 30.
- Biggs, D., Ban, N. C., & Hall, C. M. (2012). Lifestyle values, resilience, and nature-based tourism's contribution to conservation on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Environmental Conservation, 39(04), 370–379.
- Biggs, D., Hall, C. M., & Stoeckl, N. (2011). The resilience of formal and informal tourism enterprises to disasters: Reef tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(5), 645–665.
- Boyd, E., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2012). Adapting institutions: Governance, complexity and social-ecological resilience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Carpenter, S., Westley, F., & Turner, M. (2005). Surrogates for resilience of social–ecological systems. Ecosystems, 8(8), 941–944.
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Fact Book. (2012). Central America and the Caribbean: Virgin Islands. Retrieved from http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vq.html
- Christie, P. (2005). Is integrated coastal management sustainable? Ocean & Coastal Management, 48(3–6), 208–232.
- Cochrane, J. (2010). The sphere of tourism resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 173–185.
- Coghlan, A., & Prideaux, B. (2009). Welcome to the wet tropics: The importance of weather in reef tourism resilience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(2), 89–104.
- Dammann, A. E., & Nellis, D. W. (1992). A natural history atlas to the cays of the US Virgin Islands. Florida: Pineapple Press.
- Davis, D., & Tisdell, C. (1995). Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management, 26(1), 19–40.
- Dearden, P., Bennett, M., & Rollins, R. (2006). Implications for coral reef conservation of diver specialization. Environmental Conservation, 33(4), 353–363.
- Dearden, P., Bennett, M., & Rollins, R. (2007). Perceptions of diving impacts and implications for reef conservation. Coastal Management, 35(2–3), 305–317.
- de Groot, J., & Bush, S. R. (2010). The potential for dive tourism led entrepreneurial marine protected areas in Curacao. Marine Policy, 34(5), 1051–1059.
- Dimmock, K. (2009). Finding comfort in adventure: Experiences of recreational SCUBA divers. Leisure Studies, 28(3), 279–295.
- Ditton, R.B., Osburn, H. R., Baker, T. L., & Thailing, C. E. (2002). Demographics, attitudes, and reef management preferences of sport divers in offshore Texas waters. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 59, S186–S191.
- Dookhan, I. (1974). A history of the Virgin Islands of the United States. Kingston: Canoe Press.
- Dowling, R. K., & Nichol, J. (2001). The HMAS Swan artificial dive reef. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 226–229.
- Farrell, B. H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2004). Reconceptualizing tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 274–295.
- Farrell, B. H., & Twining-Ward, L. (2005). Seven steps towards sustainability: Tourism in the context of new knowledge. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(2), 109–122.
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2012). President declares a major disaster for US Virgin Islands. Retrieved from http://www.fema.gov/news-release/president-declares-major-disaster-us-virgin-islands
- Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 16(3), 253–267.
- Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 35, 557–581.
- Garrod, B., & Gössling, S. (2008). New frontiers in marine tourism: Diving experiences, sustainability, management. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J.-P., & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 36–58.
- Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience – in theory and application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 425–439.
- Gunderson, L. H., & Holling, C. S. (2001). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- Guzner, B., Novplansky, A., Shalit, O., & Chadwick, N. E. (2010). Indirect impacts of recreational scuba diving: Patterns of growth and predation in branching stony corals. Bulletin of Marine Science, 86(3), 727–742.
- Haddock-Fraser, J., & Hampton, M. (2010). Multi-stakeholder values on the sustainability of dive tourism: Case studies of Sipadan and Perhentian Islands, Malaysia. Tourism Analysis, 17(1), 27–41.
- Harriott, V. J., Davis, D., & Simon, A. B. (1997). Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio, 26(3), 173–179.
- Hasler, H., & Ott, J. A. (2008). Diving down the reefs? Intensive diving tourism threatens the reefs of the northern Red Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(10), 1788–1794.
- Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1993). Effects of recreational scuba diving on coral reefs – trampling on reef-flat communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(1), 25–30.
- Hawkins, J. P., & Roberts, C. M. (1994). The growth of coastal tourism in the Red-Sea – present and future-effects on coral-reefs. Ambio, 23(8), 503–508.
- Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Kooistra, D., Buchan, K., & White, S. (2005). Sustainability of scuba diving tourism on coral reefs of Saba. Coastal Management, 33(4), 373–387.
- Hawkins, J. P., Roberts, C. M., Van't Hof, T., de Meyer, K., Tratalos, J., & Aldam, C. (1999). Effects of recreational scuba diving on Caribbean coral and fish communities. Conservation Biology, 13(4), 888–897.
- Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and the stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.
- Ince, T., & Bowen, D. (2011). Consumer satisfaction and services: Insights from dive tourism. Service Industries Journal, 31(11), 1769–1792.
- Kinzig, A. P., Ryan, P. A., Etienne, M., Allison, H. E., Elmqvist, T., & Walker, B. H. (2006). Resilience and regime shifts: Assessing cascading effects. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 20.
- Kütting, G. (2010). The global political economy of the environment and tourism. Chippenham and Eastbourn: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lacitignola, D., Petrosillo, I., Cataldi, M., & Zurlini, G. (2007). Modelling socio-ecological tourism-based systems for sustainability. Ecological Modelling, 206(1–2), 191–204.
- Lambert, E., Hunter, C., Pierce, G., & MacLeod, C. (2010). Sustainable whale-watching tourism and climate change: Towards a framework of resilience. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 409–427.
- Landauer, M., Pröbstl, U., & Haider, W. (2012). Managing cross-country skiing destinations under the conditions of climate change – scenarios for destinations in Austria and Finland. Tourism Management, 33(4), 741–751.
- Lorenzo, B., Ilaria, V., Sergio, R., Stefano, S., & Giovanni, S. (2011). Involvement of recreational scuba divers in emblematic species monitoring: The case of Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum). Journal for Nature Conservation, 19(5), 312–318.
- Luna, B., Perez, C. V., & Sanchez-Lizaso, J. L. (2009). Benthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Ices Journal of Marine Science, 66(3), 517–523.
- Main, M. A., & Dearden, P. (2007). Tsunami impacts on Phuket's diving industry: Geographical implications for marine conservation. Coastal Management, 35(4), 467–481.
- Marshall, N. A. (2010). Understanding social resilience to climate variability in primary enterprises and industries. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 36–43.
- Marshall, N. A., Marshall, P. A., Abdulla, A., Rouphael, T., & Ali, A. (2011). Preparing for climate change: Recognising its early impacts through the perceptions of dive tourists and dive operators in the Egyptian Red Sea. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(6), 507–518.
- Medio, D., Ormond, R. F. G., & Pearson, M. (1997). Effect of briefings on rates of damage to corals by scuba divers. Biological Conservation, 79(1), 91–95.
- Musa, G. (2002). Sipadan: A SCUBA-diving paradise: An analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction and tourism management. Tourism Geographies, 4(2), 195–209.
- Musa, G., Seng, W. T., Thirumoorthi, T., & Abessi, M. (2011). The influence of scuba divers’ personality, experience, and demographic profile on their underwater behavior. Tourism in Marine Environments, 7(1), 1–14.
- Needham, M. D. (2010) Value orientations toward coral reefs in recreation and tourism settings: A conceptual and measurement approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(6), 757–772.
- Nelson, D. R., Adger, W. N., & Brown, K. (2007). Adaptation to environmental change: Contributions of a resilience framework. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 395–419.
- Olsson, P., Gunderson, L. H., Carpenter, S. R., Ryan, P., Lebel, L., Folke, C., & Holling, C. S. (2006). Shooting the rapids: Navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 11(1).
- Ong, T. F., & Musa, G. (2011). An examination of recreational divers’ underwater behaviour by attitude-behaviour theories. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(8), 779–795.
- Orchiston, C. H. (2010). Tourism and seismic risk: Perceptions, preparedness and resilience in the zone of the Alpine Fault, Southern Alps, New Zealand (Doctoral dissertation). North Dunedin: University of Otago.
- Pendleton, L. H. (1994). Environmental-quality and recreation demand in a Caribbean coral-reef. Coastal Management, 22(4), 399–404.
- Peterson, G., Allen, C. R., & Holling, C. S. (1998). Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Ecosystems, 1(1), 6–18.
- Riley, R. (2000). Embeddedness and the tourism industry in the Polish southern uplands – social processes as an explanatory framework. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(3), 195–210.
- Rouphael, A. B., & Inglis, G. J. (1997). Impacts of recreational scuba diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, 82(3), 329–336.
- Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. (2011). Social–ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador. Tourism Management, 32(3), 655–666.
- Saphier, A. D., & Hoffmann, T. C. (2005). Forecasting models to quantify three anthropogenic stresses on coral reefs from marine recreation: Anchor damage, diver contact and copper emission from antifouling paint. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51(5–7), 590–598.
- Scott, D., Freitas, C., & Matzarakis, A. (2009). Adaptation in the tourism and recreation sector. In K. Ebi, I. Burton, & G. McGregor (Eds.), Biometeorology for adaptation to climate variability and change (Vol. 1, pp. 171–194). Dordrecht: Springer.
- Shani, A., Polak, O., & Shashar, N. (2012). Artificial reefs and mass marine ecotourism. Tourism Geographies, 14(3), 361–382.
- Sorice, M. G., Oh, C. O., & Ditton, R. B. (2007). Managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation. Ambio, 36(4), 316–322.
- Stolk, P., Markwell, K., & Jenkins, J. M. (2007). Artificial reefs as recreational scuba diving resources: A critical review of research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(4), 331–350.
- Tapsuwan, S., & Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2008). Estimating the economic benefit of scuba diving in The Similan Islands, Thailand. Coastal Management, 36(5), 431–442.
- Tratalos, J. A., & Austin, T. J. (2001). Impacts of recreational scuba diving on coral communities of the Caribbean island of Grand Cayman. Biological Conservation, 102(1), 67–75.
- Tyrrell, T. J., & Johnston, R. J. (2008). Tourism sustainability, resiliency and dynamics: Towards a more comprehensive perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(1), 14–24.
- US Census Bureau (2001). Census 2000 data for the U.S. Virgin Islands. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/census2000/usvi.html
- US Census Bureau (2011). US Census Bureau releases 2010 census population counts for the US Virgin Islands. Retrieved from http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn180.html
- Uyarra, M. C., & Cote, I. M. (2007). The quest for cryptic creatures: Impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals. Biological Conservation, 136(1), 77–84.
- Uyarra, M. C., Watkinson, A., & Cote, I. M. (2009). Managing dive tourism for the sustainable use of coral reefs: Validating diver perceptions of attractive site features. Environmental Management, 43(1), 1–16.
- Van Treeck, P., & Schuhmacher, H. (1999). Mass diving tourism – a new dimension calls for new management approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37(8–12), 499–504.
- Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- Wielgus, J., Balmford, A., Lewis, T. B., Mora, C., & Gerber, L. R. (2010). Coral reef quality and recreation fees in marine protected areas. Conservation Letters, 3(1), 38–44.
- Williams, I. D., & Polunin, N. V. C. (2000). Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation, 27(4), 382–391.
- Worachananant, S., Carter, R. W., Hockings, M., & Reopanichkul, P. (2008). Managing the impacts of scuba divers on Thailand's coral reefs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(6), 645–663.
- Zakai, D., & Chadwick-Furman, N. E. (2002). Impacts of intensive recreational diving on reef corals at Eilat, northern Red Sea. Biological Conservation, 105(2), 179–187.