Publication Cover
Tourism Geographies
An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment
Volume 19, 2017 - Issue 5: Special Issue: Tourism Places
2,817
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Destination image repair while combatting crises: tourism marketing in Africa

&
Pages 780-800 | Received 04 Jan 2017, Accepted 06 Jul 2017, Published online: 02 Aug 2017

References

  • Adler-Nissen, R. (2014). Stigma management in international relations: Transgressive identities, norms, and order in international society. International Organization, 68(01), 143–176.
  • Africa Travel Association. (2014). Black history month convention and expo. Retrieved from http://www.africa-ata.org/bhm.htm
  • African Diaspora Heritage Trail. (2014). About the African diaspora heritage trail. Retrieved from http://www.adht.bm/
  • Allafrica. (2014, April 6). Nigeria: Many faces of lagos black heritage festival. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201404070649.html
  • Amujo, O. C., & Otubanjo, O. (2012). Leveraging rebranding of “unattractive” nation brands to stimulate post-disaster tourism. Tourist Studies, 12(1), 87–105.
  • Anholt, S. (2009). Places: Identity, image and reputation. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Armstrong, E. K., & Ritchie, B. W. (2010). The heart recovery marketing campaign: Destination recovery after a major bushfire in Australia's national capitol. In S. Noel, E. Laws, & B. Prideaux (Eds.), Safety and security in tourism (pp. 175–190). London and New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Avery, E. J., Lariscy, R. W., Kim, S., & Hocke, T. (2010). A quantitative review of crisis communication research in public relations from 1991 to 2009. Public Relations Review, 36(2), 190–192.
  • Avraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. Tourism Management, 47: 224–232.
  • Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2008). Media strategies for marketing places in crises: Improving the image of cities, countries, and tourist destinations. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2013). Marketing destinations with prolonged negative images: Towards a new model. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 145–164.
  • Avraham, E., & Ketter, E. (2016). Marketing tourism for developing countries: Battling stereotypes and crises in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. London: Palgrave-McMillan.
  • Benoit, W. L. (2015). Accounts, excuses and apologies: Image repair theory and research (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York.
  • Blackman, D., & Ritchie, B. W. (2010). Tourism crisis management and organizational learning: The role of reflection in developing effective DMO crisis strategies. In S. Noel, E. Laws, & B. Prideaux (Eds.), Safety and security in Tourism (6th edition) (pp. 45–57). London and New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Boniface, B., Cooper, C., & Cooper, R. (2012). Worldwide destinations: The geography of travel and tourism Oxon: Routledge.
  • Bunce, M. (2016). The international news coverage of Africa. In M. Bunce, S. Franks, & C. Paterson (Eds.), Africa's media image in the 21st century: From the "Heart of Darkness" to "Africa Rising" (pp. 17–29). London and New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Bunce, M., Franks, S., & Paterson, C. (Eds.). (2016). Africa's media image in the 2st century: From the "Heart of 8Darkness" to "Africa Rising". London and New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Burundi National Tourism Office (2014). Official website of Burundi National Tourism Office. Retrieved June 7, from http://www.burundi-tourism.com/
  • Coombs, W. T. (2015). The value of communication during a crisis: Insights from strategic communication research. Business Horizons, 58(2), 141–148.
  • Cornelissen, S., & Swart, K. (2006). The 2010 football world cup as a political construct: The challenge of making good on an African promise. The Sociological Review, 54(s2), 108–123.
  • Donaldson, R., & Ferreira, S. (2009). (Re-) creating urban destination image: Opinions of foreign visitors to South Africa on safety and security. Urban Forum, 20(1), 1–18.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Prasad, P. (2003). The context of third world tourism marketing. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 660–682.
  • Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism. (2014). Ethiopia: A tourist paradise. Retrieved from http://www.tourismethiopia.org/pages/ethiopia.asp
  • Ethiosports (2014). Hospitality business in the making. Retrieved from http://www.ethiosports.com/2014/10/12/hospitality-business-in-the-making/
  • eTN (ETurboNews). (Various dates). Retrieved from http://www.eturbonews.com
  • Fair, J. E. (1993). War, famine and poverty: Race in the construction of Africa's media image. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 17(2), 5–22.
  • Fanon, F. (1952). Black skin, white masks. New York, NY: Grove.
  • Ferreira, S. L. (1999). Crime: A threat to tourism in South Africa. Tourism Geographies, 1(3), 313–324.
  • Gartner, W. C., & Shen, J. (1992). The impact of Tiananmen Square on China's tourism image. Journal of Travel Research, 30(4), 47–52.
  • Hachten, W. A. (1981). The world news prism: Changing media, clashing ideologies. Ames, IA: The Iowa State Press.
  • Hafez, K. (2007). The myth of media globalization. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Hammett, D. (2014). Tourism images and British media representations of South Africa. Tourism Geographies, 16(2), 221–236.
  • Harlow, W. F., & Harlow, R. M. (2013). Compensation and corrective action as the BP response to the Deepwater Horizon incident. Communication Research Reports, 30(3), 193–200.
  • Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: Its use by national tourism organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211–239.
  • Henderson, J. C. (1999). Tourism management and the Southeast Asian economic and environmental crisis: A Singapore perspective. Managing Leisure, 4(2), 107–120.
  • Kenya Tourism Board. (2014). KTB launches “Why I love Kenya” on-line Campaign. Retrieved from http://www.magicalkenya.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1670&Itemid=360
  • Ketter, E. (2016). Destination image restoration on Facebook: The case study of Nepal's Gurkha earthquake. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 66–72.
  • Ketter, E., & Avraham, E. (2010). Online tourism marketing for Sub-Saharan African countries: Battling stereotypes of high risk, hostility and underdevelopment. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 3(4), 318–331.
  • Ketter, E., & Avraham, E. (2012). The social revolution of tourism marketing: The growing power of users in social media tourism campaigns. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 8(4), 285–294.
  • Liberia Ministry of Information, Cultural Affairs & Tourism. (2014). Official Facebook page. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ministry-of-Information-Cultural-Affairs-Tourism-MICAT/263896176957754
  • Mair, J., Ritchie B. W., & Walters G. (2016). Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations: A narrative review. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(1), 1–26.
  • Malawi Tourism Marketing Corporation. (2010). The Warm Heart of Africa. Retrieved from http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/blog_01/blog_item.asp?Blog_01ID=182
  • Minde, M., & Jani, D. (2016). A comparative analysis of East African destination marketing organizations’ websites. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 16(1–2), 15–26.
  • Muhwezi, D. K., Baum, T., & Nyakaana, J. B. (2016). Dealing with negative symbolism of destinations with difficult heritage: Analysis of Uganda's image. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 7(3), 33–42.
  • Murphy, P. E., & Murphy, A. E. (2004). Strategic management for tourism communities. Clevedon: Channel View.
  • Nigeria's Tourism Development Corporation. (2014). Nigeria's Tourism Development Corporation website. Retrieved from http://tourism.gov.ng/
  • Patton, M. Q. (2005). Qualitative research. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Pieterse, J. N. (1992). White on black: Image of Africa and Blacks in Western Culture. New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press.
  • Reporters Without Borders. (2015). 2015 World Press Freedom Index. Retrieved from https://index.rsf.org/#!/
  • Seychelles Tourism Board. (2012). Seychelles’ private sector guides its tourism board on new, 2012 promotional tagline. Retrieved from http://www.seychelles.travel/en/news/display-item.php?newsid=324
  • Tanzania Tourist Board. (2012). New destination branding campaign for Tanzania. Retrieved from http://www.tanzaniatouristboard.com/news/Documents/BrandPresentation.pdf
  • Tasci, A. D. (2011). Destination branding and positioning. In Y. Wang & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism destination marketing and management: Collaborative strategies (pp. 113–129). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • Taylor, P. A. (2006). Getting them to forgive and forget: Cognitive-based marketing responses to terrorist acts. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8, 171–183.
  • The BBC. (Various dates). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/
  • The Guardian. (2009). Various dates. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk
  • The National Tourist Board of Sierra Leone. (2014). The National Tourist Board of Sierra Leone website. Retrieved from http://www.ntb.sl/
  • The New York Times. (2013). Various dates. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
  • The World Factbook. (2014). United states – people and society. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
  • UNWTO. (2017, March). Tourism highlights, world tourism barometer (Vol. 16, 2016 ed.). Madrid: UNWTO. Retrieved from http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2015-edition
  • Uysal, M., Harrill, R., & Woo, E. (2011). Destination marketing research: Issues and challenges. In Y. Wang & A. Pizam, (Eds.), Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications (pp. 99–112). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Versi, A. (2010, August/September). African business.
  • Volkmer, I. (2003). The global network society and the global public sphere. Development, 46(1), 9–16.
  • Wahab, S., Crampon, L. J., & Rothfield, L. M. (1976). Tourism marketing: A destination-orientated program for the marketing of international tourism. London: Tourism International Press.
  • Walters, G., & Mair, J. (2012). The effectiveness of post-disaster recovery marketing messages – the case of the 2009 Australian Bushfires. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(1), 87–103.
  • Walters, G., Mair, J., & Lim, J. (2016). Sensationalist media reporting of disastrous events: Implications for tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 3–10.
  • World Bank. (2014). Africa's growth set to reach 5.2 percent in 2014 with strong investment growth and household spending. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/07/africas-growth-set-to-reach-52-percent-in-2014-with-strong-investment-growth-and-household-spending
  • Zimbabwe Tourism Authority. (2014). Official website of Zimbabwe Tourism. Retrieved from Http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.