Social identity positively impacts sustainable behaviors of backpackers

References

• Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers' risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana. Tourism Management, 49, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyeiwaah, E. (2019). Exploring the relevance of sustainability to micro tourism and hospitality accommodation enterprises (MTHAEs): Evidence from home-stay owners. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyeiwaah, E., Adongo, R., Dimache, A., & Wondirad, A. (2016). Make a customer, not a sale: Tourist satisfaction in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 57, 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.05.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyeiwaah, E., McKercher, B., & Suntikul, W. (2017). Identifying core indicators of sustainable tourism: A path forward?. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, F., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Cobanoglu, C. (2018). Applying partial least squares in tourism and hospitality research. Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Alves, S., Abrantes, J. L., Antunes, M. J., Seabra, C., & Herstein, R. (2016). WOM antecedents in backpacker travelers. Journal of Business Research, 69(5), 1851–1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.10.068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca-Motes, K., Brown, A., Gneezy, A., Keenan, E. A., & Nelson, L. D. (2013). Commitment and behavior change: Evidence from the field. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(5), 1070–1084. https://doi.org/10.1086/667226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, S., & Gilg, A. (2006). Sustainable lifestyles: Framing environmental action in and around the home. Geoforum, 37(6), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, S., Shaw, G., & Coles, T. (2011). Times for (un) sustainability? Challenges and opportunities for developing behaviour change policy. A case-study of consumers at home and away. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1234–1244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauldry, S. G. (2009). Introduction to structural equation modelling using SPSS and AMOS. JSTOR.
   Google Scholar
• Benitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., & Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information & Management, 57(2), 103168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickman, L. (1972). Environmental attitudes and actions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 87(2), 323–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1972.9922533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2009). Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extrarole behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445–464. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. (2000). Social identity theory: Past achievements, current problems and future challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(6), 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6 < 745::AID-EJSP24 > 3.0.CO;2-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budeanu, A. (2007). Sustainable tourist behaviour–A discussion of opportunities for change. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(5), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00606.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, H. T., Wilkins, H. C., & Lee, Y.-S. (2013). The social identities of Japanese backpackers. Tourism Culture & Communication, 13(3), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830414X13911221027407
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G., Zhao, L., & Huang, S. (2020). Backpacker Identity: Scale development and validation. Journal of Travel Research, 59(2), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519829255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitty, B., Ward, S., & Chua, C. (2007). An application of the ECSI model as a predictor of satisfaction and loyalty for backpacker hostels. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 25(6), 563–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500710819941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. A. (2011). Lifestyle travellers: Backpacking as a way of life. Annals of Tourism Research , 38(4), 1535–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. A., Higham, J. E. S., Peeters, P., & Gössling, S. (2014). Why tourism mobility behaviours must change. In Understanding and governing sustainable tourism mobility (Vol. 1, pp. 1–11). ROUTLEDGE in association with GSE Research.
   Google Scholar
• Corral-Verdugo, V., González-Lomelí, D., Rascón-Cruz, M., & Corral-Frías, V. O. (2016). Intrinsic motives of autonomy, self-efficacy, and satisfaction associated with two instances of sustainable behavior: Frugality and equity. Psychology, 7(5), 662–671. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.75068
   Google Scholar
• Cronin, J. J., Jr., & Taylor, S. A. (1994). SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL: Reconciling performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measurement of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie Russell, R., Campbell‐Trant, T., & Seaton, S. (2011). Joining the in‐crowd: Symbols for backpacker identity. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181111111753
   Google Scholar
• Dayour, F., Park, S., & Kimbu, A. N. (2019). Backpackers’ perceived risks towards smartphone usage and risk reduction strategies: A mixed methods study. Tourism Management, 72, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayour, F. (2013). Motivations of backpackers in the Cape Coast-Elmina conurbation, Ghana. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from http://udsspace.uds.edu.gh/handle/123456789/112.
   Google Scholar
• del Bosque, I. R., & San Martín, H. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S. (2010). Identifying tourists with smaller environmental footprints. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(6), 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003668516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dono, J., Webb, J., & Richardson, B. (2010). The relationship between environmental activism, pro-environmental behaviour and social identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsrud, T. (2001). Risk creation in traveling: Backpacker adventure narration. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 597–617. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00061-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00061-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evanschitzky, H., & Wunderlich, M. (2006). An examination of moderator effects in the four-stage loyalty model. Journal of Service Research, 8(4), 330–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670506286325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0056932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Guttentag, D. A. (2009). The possible negative impacts of volunteer tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: A comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(5), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, M. P. (1998). Backpacker tourism and economic development. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 639–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00021-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. (2006). Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111–136). Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. (2016). Social identity theory. In S. McKeown, R. Haji, & N. Ferguson (Eds.), Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory: Contemporary global perspectives (pp. 3–17). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., & Brewer, M. B. (2017). Social identity: The role of self in group processes and intergroup relations. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217690909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self-categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, M. R., Dodds, R., & Frochot, I. (2019). At home or abroad, does our behavior change? Examining how everyday behavior influences sustainable travel behavior and tourist clusters. Journal of Travel Research, https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornsey, M. J. (2008). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: A historical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00066.x
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, J. L., Wang, T. C.-T., & Huang, P. Y.-H. (2014). Motivations for first-time and repeat backpackers in Shanghai. Tourism Management Perspectives, 12, 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iaquinto, B. L. (2015). “I recycle, I turn out the lights”: Understanding the everyday sustainability practices of backpackers. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 577–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.978788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iaquinto, B. L., & Pratt, S. (2020). Practicing sustainability as a backpacker: The role of nationality. International Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2014). The attitude–behaviour gap in sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 76–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastenholz, E., Eusébio, C., & Carneiro, M. J. (2018). Segmenting the rural tourist market by sustainable travel behaviour: Insights from village visitors in Portugal. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S., Øgaard, T., & Brun, W. (2011). Backpackers and mainstreamers: Realities and myths. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loker-Murphy, L. (1997). Backpackers in Australia: A motivation-based segmentation study. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 5(4), 23–45. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v05n04_02
   Google Scholar
• Loker-Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. L. (1995). Young budget travelers: Backpackers in Australia. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 819–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00026-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoz, D. (2007). Backpackers’ motivations the role of culture and nationality. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Cabello, A. (2014). Backpackers in Chile as an expression of global youth subculture. Cuadernos de Turismo, (34), 405.
   Google Scholar
• McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michinov, E., Fouquereau, E., & Fernandez, A. (2008). Retirees' social identity and satisfaction with retirement. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 66(3), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.66.3.a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulić, J., & Ryan, C. (2018). Reflective versus formative confusion in SEM based tourism research: A critical comment. Tourism Management, 68, 465–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, G., Rathouse, K., Scarles, C., Holmes, K., & Tribe, J. (2010). Public understanding of sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(3), 627–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsin, A., & Ryan, C. (2003). Backpackers in the Northern Territory of Australia—motives, behaviours and satisfactions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(2), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.421
   Google Scholar
• Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2008). Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nassani, A. M., Khader, J. A. e., & Ali, I. (2013). Consumer environmental activism, sustainable consumption behavior and satisfaction with life. Life Science Journal, 10(2), 1000–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Nok, L. C., Suntikul, W., Agyeiwaah, E., & Tolkach, D. (2017). Backpackers in Hong Kong–motivations, preferences and contribution to sustainable tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(8), 1058–1070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed). McGrawHill.
   Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, C. C. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist: Mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 998–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63(4_suppl1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429990634s105
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. (2007). Sustainability research and backpacker studies: Intersections and mutual insights. In K. Hannam & I. Ateljevic (Eds.), Backpacker tourism-concepts and profiles (pp. 38–53). Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L. (1990). The backpacker phenomenon: Preliminary answers to basic questions. Department of Tourism, James Cook University of North Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• Reinartz, W., Haenlein, M., & Henseler, J. (2009). An empirical comparison of the efficacy of covariance-based and variance-based SEM. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 26(4), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2009.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of PLS-SEM in MIS Quarterly. MIS Quarterly (MISQ), 36(1), iii–xiv. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, G. F. (1993). Ideal and actual images of backpacker visitors to Northern Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759303200208
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (2002). Backpacker tourism and third world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00030-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H., Van der Veen, R., Li, G., & Chen, J. L. (2012). The Hong Kong tourist satisfaction index. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, A. (2003). Backpacker ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 847–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00063-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears, R. (2011). Group identities: The social identity perspective. In S. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 201–224). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_9
   Google Scholar
• Swim, J. K., Gillis, A. J., & Hamaty, K. J. (2020). Gender bending and gender conformity: The social consequences of engaging in feminine and masculine pro-environmental behaviors. Sex Roles, 82(5–6), 363–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01061-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1979). Individuals and groups in social psychology. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00324.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In M. J. Hatch & M. Schultz (Eds.), Organizational identity: A reader (pp. 56–65). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tonge, J., Ryan, M. M., Moore, S. A., & Beckley, L. E. (2015). The effect of place attachment on pro-environment behavioral intentions of visitors to coastal natural area tourist destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514533010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C. (1991). Social influence. Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van der Duim, R., Ren, C., & Jóhannesson, G. T. (2017). ANT: A decade of interfering with tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: An analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmarsh, L., & O'Neill, S. (2010). Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(3), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y.-S., Lee, J.-S., & Lee, C.-K. (2010). Measuring festival quality and value affecting visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty using a structural approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Žabkar, V., Brenčič, M. M., & Dmitrović, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioural intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31(4), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Morrison, A. M., Tucker, H., & Wu, B. (2018). Am I a backpacker? Factors indicating the social identity of Chinese backpackers. Journal of Travel Research, 57(4), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517702744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. X., Pearce, P. L., & Chen, G. (2019). Not losing our collective face: Social identity and Chinese tourists' reflections on uncivilised behaviour. Tourism Management, 73, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Tucker, H., Morrison, A. M., & Wu, B. (2017). Becoming a backpacker in China: A grounded theory approach to identity construction of backpackers. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar