Explaining Cross-National Variations in the Informalisation of Employment

References

• Ahmad, A. N. (2008) ‘Dead men working: time and space in London’s (“illegal”) migrant economy’, Work, Employment and Society 22: 301–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, K. F. (2004) The Informal Economy, Stockholm: Swedish International Development Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Boeke, J. H. (1942) Economies and Economic Policy in Dual Societies, Harlem: Tjeenk Willnik.
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. and Portes, A. (1989) ‘World underneath: the origins, dynamics and effects of the informal economy’, in A. Portes, M. Castells and L. Benton (eds), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developing Countries, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 19–41.
   Google Scholar
• Centre for the Study of Democracy. (2008) Levelling the Playing Field in Bulgaria: How Public and Private Institutions Can Partner for Effective Policies Targeting Grey Economy and Corruption, Sofia: Centre for the Study of Democracy.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. (2006) Planet of Slums, London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• De Soto, H. (1989) The Other Path, London: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• De Soto, H. (2001) The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, London: Black Swan.
   Google Scholar
• Dibben, P. and Williams, C. C. (2012) ‘Varieties of capitalism and employment relations: informally dominated market economies’, Industrial Relations: A Review of Economy & Society 51: 563–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurofound. (2013) Tackling Undeclared Work in 27 European Union Member States and Norway: Approaches and Measures since 2008, Dublin: Eurofound.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (1998) Communication of the Commission on Undeclared Work, http://europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/empl_esf/docs/com98-219_en.pdf (last accessed 9 July 2012).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2007) Special Eurobarometer 284: Undeclared Work in the European Union, Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2011) Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2011, Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2013) Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2013, Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2007) Taxation Trends in the European Union: Data for the EU Member States and Norway, Brussels: Eurostat.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2010) Taxation Trends in the European Union: Main Results, Brussels: Eurostat.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2013a) GDP per Capita in PPS, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2013b) At Risk of Poverty Rate by Sex, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdsc260
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2013c) Inequality of Income Distribution, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tessi010
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M., Syrett, S. and Williams, C. C. (2006) Informal Economic Activities and Deprived Neighbourhood, London: Department of Communities and Local Government.
   Google Scholar
• Feld, L. P. and Larsen, C. (2012) Undeclared Work, Deterrence and Social Norms: The Case of Germany, Berlin: Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Franck, A. K. (2012) ‘Factors motivating women’s informal micro-entrepreneurship: experiences from Penang, Malaysia’, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 4(1): 65–78.
   Google Scholar
• Gallin, D. (2001) ‘Propositions on trade unions and informal employment in time of globalisation’, Antipode 19: 531–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. (1963) Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gershuny, J. (1983) Social Innovation and the Division of Labour, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ghinararu, C. (2007) Undeclared Work in Romania, http://www.eu-employment-observatory.net/resources/reports/RomaniaUDW2007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• GHK and Fondazione Brodolini. (2009) Study on Indirect Measurement Methods for Undeclared Work in the EU, Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, A. (1998) The Latin American City, London: Latin American Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, R. (2013) ‘Gendered spaces of informal entrepreneurship in Soweto, South Africa’, Urban Geography 34(1): 86–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handy, C. (1984) The Future of Work, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, R. (2005) Economic Geographies: Circuits, Flows and Spaces, London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2011) Statistical Update on Employment in the Informal Economy, Geneva: ILO Department of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• ILO. (2012) Statistical Update on Employment in the Informal Economy, Geneva: ILO Department of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Jütting, J. P. and Laiglesia, J. R. (2009) ‘Employment, poverty reduction and development: what’s new?’, in J. P. Jütting and J. R. Laiglesia (eds), Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries, Paris: OECD, pp. 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• Kostera, M. (1995) ‘The modern crusade: the missionaries of management come to eastern Europe’, Management Learning 26: 331–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, A. (1959) The Theory of Economic Growth, London: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• London, T. and Hart, S. L. (2004) ‘Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model’, Journal of International Business Studies 35: 350–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukanova, P. and Bezlov, T. (2007) Bulgaria. http://www.eu-employment-observatory.net/resources/reports/BulgariaUDW2007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, R. (1994) ‘Fiddly jobs, undeclared working and the something for nothing society’, Work, Employment and Society 8: 507–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher, K. (2010) Identity Economics: Social Networks and the Informal Economy in Nigeria, New York: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Meriküll, J. and Staehr, K. (2010) ‘Unreported employment and envelope wages in mid-transition: comparing developments and causes in the Baltic countries’, Comparative Economic Studies 52: 637–70.
   Google Scholar
• Neef, R. (2002) ‘Aspects of the informal economy in a transforming country: the case of Romania’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26: 299–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwabuzor, A. (2005) ‘Corruption and development: new initiatives in economic openness and strengthened rule of law’, Journal of Business Ethics 59: 121–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2012) Reducing Opportunities for Tax Non-compliance in the Underground Economy, Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Oviedo, A. M., Thomas, M. R. and Karakurum-Özdemir, K. (2009) Economic Informality: Causes, Costs and Policies – A Literature Survey, Washington, DC: World Bank Working Paper No. 167, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Pahl, R. (1984) Divisions of Labour, Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Pfau-Effinger, B. (2009) ‘Varieties of undeclared work in European societies’, British Journal of Industrial Relations 41: 79–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portet, S. (2005) ‘Poland: circumventing the law or fully deregulating?’, in D. Vaughan-Whitehead (ed), Working and Employment Conditions in New EU Member States: Convergence or Diversity?, Geneva: ILO, pp. 273–339.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, M. and Williams, C. C. (2008) ‘Making visible the hidden: researching off-the-books work’, in D. Buchanan and A. Bryson (eds), Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, London: Sage, pp. 142–60.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S. (1996) ‘Service employment regimes and the new inequality’, in E. Mingione (ed), Urban Poverty and the Underclass, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 142–59.
   Google Scholar
• Sauvy, A. (1984) Le Travail Noir et l’Economie de Demain [Informal work and tomorrow's economy], Paris: Calmann-Levy.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, F. (ed.) (2008) The Hidden Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, F. (ed.) (2011) Handbook on the Shadow Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Sedlenieks, K. (2003) ‘Cash in an envelope: corruption and tax avoidance as an economic strategy in Contemporary Riga’, in K.-O. Arnstberg and T. Boren (eds), Everyday Economy in Russia, Poland and Latvia, Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, pp. 60–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sepulveda, L. and Syrett, S. (2007) ‘Out of the shadows? Formalisation approaches to informal economic activity’, Policy and Politics 35: 87–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankland, G. and Turner, R. (1988) Wanted Work: A Guide to the Informal Economy, New York: Bootstrap Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slavnic, Z. (2010) ‘Political economy of informalization’, European Societies 12: 3–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small Business Council. (2004) Small Business in the Informal Economy: Making the Transition to the Formal Economy, London: Small Business Council.
   Google Scholar
• Sparrow, P. R. (1986) ‘The erosion of employment in the U.K.: the need for a new response’, New Technology, Work and Employment 1: 101–12.
   Google Scholar
• Taiwo, O. (2013) ‘Employment choice and mobility in multi-sector labour markets: theoretical model and evidence from Ghana’, International Labour Review 152(3–4): 469–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transparency International. (2013) 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), http://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_2007 ( last accessed 12 March 2013).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. (2014) Human Development Index and Its Components, http://hdr.undp.org/en/data ( last accessed 13 November 2014).
   Google Scholar
• White, R. (2009) ‘Explaining why the non-commodified sphere of mutual aid is so pervasive in the advanced economies: some case study evidence from an English city’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 29: 457–72.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. (2006) The Hidden Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship in the Underground Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. (2009) ‘Formal and informal employment in Europe: beyond dualistic representations’, European Urban and Regional Studies 16: 147–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. (2010) ‘Beyond the formal/informal jobs divide: evaluating the prevalence of hybrid “under-declared” employment in South-Eastern Europe’, International Journal of Human Resource Management 21: 2529–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. (2011) ‘Reconceptualising men’s and women’s undeclared work: evidence from Europe’, Gender, Work and Organisation 18(4): 415–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. (2014) ‘Out of the shadows: a classification of economies by the size and character of their informal sector’, Work, Employment and Society 28(5): 735–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. and Lansky, M. (2013) ‘Informal employment in developed and developing economies: perspectives and policy responses’, International Labour Review 152(3–4): 355–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. and Nadin, S. (2012) ‘Tackling the hidden enterprise culture: government policies to support the formalization of informal entrepreneurship’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 24(9–10): 895–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C. and Round, J. (2010) ‘Explaining participation in undeclared work: a result of exit or exclusion’, European Societies 12(3): 391–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C., Nadin, S., Barbour, A. and Llanes, M. (2012) Enabling Enterprise: Tackling the Barriers to Formalisation, London: Community Links.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. C., Round, J. and Rodgers, P. (2013) The Role of Informal Economies in the Post-Soviet World: The End of Transition?, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Woolfson, C. (2007) ‘Pushing the envelope: the “informalization” of labour in post-communist new EU member states’, Work, Employment and Society 21: 551–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, G. (1996) ‘Urban informal employment and self-employment in developing countries: theory and evidence’, Economic Development and Cultural Change 44(2): 244–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar