Prejudice and relative deprivation: the effects of self-referenced individual relative deprivation on generalized prejudice in European democracies

References

• Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J. and Sanford, R. N. (1950) The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Agroskin, D. and Jonas, E. (2010) ‘Out of control: How and why does perceived lack of control lead to ethnocentrism?’, Review of Psychology 17(2): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B. and Bergh, R. (2011) ‘Generalized prejudice: Common and specific components’, Psychological Science 22(1): 57–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1954) The Nature of Prejudice, New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, B. (1998) ‘The other “authoritarian personality”’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 30(1): 47–92.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin, N., Krueger, J. I., Frey, D., Kastenmüller, A. and Fischer, P. (2014) ‘Social exclusion and xenophobia: Intolerant attitudes toward ethnic and religious minorities’, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 17(3): 371–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergh, R., Akrami, N. and Ekehammar, B. (2012) ‘The personality underpinnings of explicit and implicit generalized prejudice’, Social Psychological and Personality Science 3(5): 614–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. and Crosby, F. (1980) ‘An empirical examination of relative deprivation theory’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 16(5): 442–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierly, M. M. (1985) ‘Prejudice toward contemporary outgroups as a generalized attitude’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 15(2): 189–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau, J. R. and Blau, P. M. (1982) ‘The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime’, American Sociological Review 47(1): 114–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B. (1999) ‘The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate?’, Journal of Social Issues 55(3): 429–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockner, J. and Chen, Y. R. (1996) ‘The moderating roles of self-esteem and self-construal in reaction to a threat to the self: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China and the United States’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(3): 603–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callan, M. J., Ellard, J. H., Shead, N. and Hodgins, D. C. (2008) ‘Gambling as a search for justice: Examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34(11): 1514–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvacho, H, Zick, A., Haye, A., González, R., Manzi, J., Kocik, C. and Bertl, M. (2013) ‘On the relation between social class and prejudice: The roles of education, income, and ideological attitudes’, European Journal of Social Psychology 43(4): 272–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, T. J. and Naditch, M. (1970) ‘Relative deprivation, powerlessness, and militancy: The psychology of protest’, Psychiatry 33(2): 208–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creighton, M. J., Jamal, A. and Malancu, N. C. (2015) ‘Has opposition to immigration increased in the United States after the economic crisis? An experimental approach’, International Migration Review 49(3): 727–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, F. (1976) ‘A model of egotistical relative deprivation’, Psychological Review 83(2): 85–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancygier, R., and Donnelly, M. (2014) ‘Attitudes towards immigration in good times and bad’, in N. G. Bermeo and L. M. Bartels (eds), Mass Politics in Tough Times: Opinions, Votes and Protest in the Great Recession, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 148–84.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, J. C. (1962) ‘Toward a theory of revolution’, American Sociological Review 27(1): 5–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. and Sibley, C. G. (2007) ‘Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice’, European Journal of Personality 21(2): 113–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J. and Sibley, C. G. (2010) ‘Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: A dual-process motivational model’, Journal of Personality 78(6): 1861–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekehammar, B. and Akrami, N. (2003) ‘The relation between personality and prejudice: A variable- and a person-centred approach’, European Journal of Personality 17(6): 449–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsche, I., Jonas, E. and Kessler, T. (2011) ‘Collective reactions to threat: Implications for intergroup conflict and for solving societal crises’, Social Issues and Policy Review 5(1): 101–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, M. D. and Matheson, K. (1995) ‘Double relative deprivation: Combining the personal and political’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21(11): 1167–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugni, M. and Grasso, M. T. (2016) ‘How civil society actors responded to the economic crisis: The interaction of material deprivation and perceptions of political opportunity structures’, Politics & Policy 44(3): 447–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso, M. T. and Giugni, M. (2016) ‘Protest participation and economic crisis: The Conditioning role of political Opportunities’, European Journal of Political Research 55(4): 663–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso, M. T., Yoxon, B., Karampampas, S. and Temple, L. A. (2017) ‘Relative deprivation and inequalities in social and political activism’, Acta Politica. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-017-0072-y
   Google Scholar
• Guimond, S. and Dambrun, M. (2002) ‘When prosperity breeds intergroup hostility: The effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on prejudice’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28(8): 900–12.
   Google Scholar
• Gurr, T. R. (1970) Why Men Rebel, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C. and Wood, W. (2010) ‘Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 14(1): 126–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley, E. (1946) Problems in Prejudice, New York: King’s Crown Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heaven, P. C. L., Organ, L., Supavadeeprasit, S. and Leeson, P. (2006) ‘War and prejudice: A study of social values, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation’ Personality and Individual Differences 40(3): 599–608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, G. (2011) ‘Do ideologically intolerant people benefit from intergroup contact?’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 20(3): 154–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, G. (2014) ‘Is it impolite to discuss cognitive differences between liberals and conservatives?’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37(3): 313–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, G. and Dhont, K. (2015) ‘The person-based nature of prejudice: Individual difference predictors of intergroup negativity’, European Review of Social Psychology 26(1): 1–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, G., Costello, K. and MacInnis, C. C. (2013) ‘Is intergroup contact beneficial among intolerant people? Exploring individual differences in the benefits of contact on attitudes’, in G. Hodson and M. Hewstone (eds), Advances in Intergroup Contact, London, UK: Psychology Press, pp. 49–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. (2012) ‘Uncertainty-identity theory’, in P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (eds), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 62–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. (2014) ‘From uncertainty to extremism: Social categorization and identity processes’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 23(5): 338–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman H. H. and Wright C. R. (1979) Education’s Lasting Influence on Values, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacks, W. and Adler, J. R. (2015) ‘Genocide and hate crime’, in D. A. Crighton and G. J. Towl (eds), Forensic Psychology, Chichester: Wiley, pp. 369–384.
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. and Wilkinson, R.G. (eds) (1999) Income Inequality and Health: The Society and Population Health Reader, Vol. 1, New York: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kossowska, M., Bukowski, M., Guinote, A., Dragon, P. and Kruglanski, A. W. (2016) ‘Self-image threat decreases stereotyping: The role of motivation toward closure’, Motivation and Emotion 40(6): 830–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn, H. and Harrison, T. (1992) ‘“Self-referenced” relative deprivation and economic beliefs: The effects of the recession in Alberta’, Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne de Sociologie 29(2): 191–209.
   Google Scholar
• Mark, M. M. and Folger, R. (1984) ‘Responses to relative deprivation: A conceptual framework’, Review of Personality and Social Psychology 5(2): 192–218.
   Google Scholar
• Mayda, A. M. (2006) ‘Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes toward immigrants’, The Review of Economics and Statistics 88(3): 510–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, S. (2010) ‘Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice’, Political Psychology 31(3): 453–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland, S. and Adelson, S. (1996) ‘An omnibus study of personality and prejudice’, paper presented at the meeting of the international society of political psychology, Vancouver, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Monin, M. and Miller, D. (2001) ‘Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(1): 33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, D. and Sibley, C. G. (2013) ‘Through rose-colored glasses: System-justifying beliefs dampen the effects of relative deprivation on well-being and political mobilization’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39(8): 991–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (1997) ‘Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23(2): 173–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (2015) ‘Samuel Stouffer and relative deprivation’, Social Psychology Quarterly 78(1): 7–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. and Meertens, R. W. (1995) ‘Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe’, European Journal of Social Psychology 25(1): 57–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., Meertens, R. W., van Dick, R. and Zick, A. (2008) ‘Relative deprivation and intergroup prejudice’, Journal of Social Issues 64(2): 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rüdig, W. and Karyotis, G. (2013) ‘Beyond the usual suspects? New participants in anti-austerity protests in Greece’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly 18(3): 313–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, W. G. (1961) ‘Problems of research on relative deprivation’, European Journal of Sociology 2(2): 315–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, W. G. (1966) Relative Deprivation and Social Justice: A Study of Attitudes to Social Inequality in Twentieth-Century England. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R. and Medin, D. (2009) ‘Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation’, Psychological Science 20(4): 523–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanford, N. (1956) ‘The approach of the authoritarian personality’, in J. L. McCary (ed.), Psychology of Personality: Six Modern Approaches, New York: Grove Press, pp. 261–282.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H. J. and Pettigrew, T. F. (2015) ‘Advances in relative deprivation theory and research’, Social Justice Research 28(1): 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H. J., Pettigrew, T. F., Pippin, G. M. and Bialosiewicz, S. (2012) ‘Relative deprivation: A theoretical and meta-analytic review’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 16(3): 203–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, O. and Yitzhaki, S. (1988) ‘Labour migration as a response to relative deprivation’, Journal of Population Economics 1(1): 57–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart, B. D., von Hippel, W. and Radvansky, G. A. (2009) ‘Age, race, and implicit prejudice using process dissociation to separate the underlying components’, Psychological Science 20(2): 164–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. C. (2002) ‘Fraternal deprivation, collective threat, and racial resentment: Perspectives on white racism’, in I. Walker and H. J. Smith (eds), Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13–43.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, I. and Pettigrew, T. F. (1984) ‘Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique’, British Journal of Social Psychology 23(4): 301–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoxon, B., Van Hauwaert, S. M. and Kiess, J. (2017) ‘Picking on immigrants: A cross-national analysis of individual-level relative deprivation and authoritarianism as predictors of anti-foreign prejudice’, Acta Politica. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41269-017-0067-8
   Google Scholar
• Zamora-Kapoor, A. and Verea, M. (2014) ‘Public attitudes toward immigration in turbulent times’, Migration Studies 2(2): 131–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar