Life beyond the ballot box: the political participation and non-participation of electoral abstainers

References

• Amnå, E. and Ekman, J. (2014) ‘Standby citizens: diverse faces of political passivity’, European Political Science Review 6(2): 261–81. doi: 10.1017/S175577391300009X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anduiza, E. (1999) ¿Individuos o sistemas? Las razones de la abstención en Europa occidental, Madrid: CIS.
   Google Scholar
• Anduiza, E. (2002) ‘Individual characteristics, institutional incentives and electoral abstention in Western Europe’, European Journal of Political Research 41(5): 643–73. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.00025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglioni, S., Baumgarten, B., Chabanet, D. and Lahusen, C. (2008) ‘Transcending marginalization: the mobilization of the Unemployed in France, Germany, and Italy in a comparative Perspective’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly 13(3): 323–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, B. R. and Marchetti, K. (2017) ‘Distinguishing occasional abstention from routine indifference in models of vote Choice’, Political Science Research and Methods 5(2): 277–94. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2015.42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, D. J., Clua-Losada, M., Huke, N., Ribera-Almandoz, O. and Rogers, K. (2018) ‘Challenging the age of austerity: disruptive agency after the global economic crisis’, Comparative European Politics. doi:10.1057/s41295-016-0072-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. (1984) Strong Democracy, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, S. H., Kaase, M., Allerbeck, K., Farah, B., Heunks, F., Inglehart, R., Jennings, M. K., Klingemann, H. D., Marsh, A. and Rosenmayr, L. (1979) Political Action, London/Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Beach, D., Hansen, K. and Larsen, M. (2017) ‘How campaigns enhance European issues voting during European Parliament Elections’, Political Science Research and Methods. doi:10.1017/psrm.2017.6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beissinger, M. (2013) ‘The semblance of democratic revolution: coalitions in Ukraine’s orange revolution’, American Political Science Review 107(3): 574–92. doi: 10.1017/S0003055413000294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, A. (2000) To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blais, A. (2006) ‘What affects voter turnout?’, Annual Review of Political Science 9(1): 111–25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondel, J., Sinnott, R. and Svensson, P. (1998) People and Parliament in the European Union: Participation, Democracy, and Legitimacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, D. and Hutter, S. (2016) ‘Political trust, extra-representational participation and the openness of political systems’, International Political Science Review 37(2): 151–65. doi: 10.1177/0192512114559108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., Converse, P., Stokes, D. and Miller, W. (1960) The American Voter, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cazorla, MÁ, Rivera, J. M. and Jaráiz, E. (2017) ‘Structural analysis of electoral abstention in the 2014 European Parliamentary Elections’, Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas 159: 31–50.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, N. and Rohrschneider, R. (2009) ‘Second-order elections versus first-order thinking: how voters perceive the representation process in a multi-layered system of governance’, Journal of European Integration 31(5): 645–64. doi: 10.1080/07036330903145906
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2004) Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2008) ‘Citizenship norms and the expansion of political participation’, Political Studies 56(1): 76–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00718.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., Van Sickle, A. and Weldon, S. (2010) ‘The individual– institutional nexus of protest Behaviour’, British Journal of Political Science 40(1): 51–73. doi: 10.1017/S000712340999038X
   Google Scholar
• De Waele, J. M. and Vieira, M. (2011) ‘For a Typology of Abstainers: a First Review’. Paper presented at the IPSA-ECPR Joint Conference, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_26354.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• della Porta, D. (2013) Can Democracy be Saved? Participation, Deliberation and Social Movements, Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• della Porta, D. and Diani, M. (2006) Social Movements. An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, M. N. (2004) Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies Since 1945, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grasso, M. T. and Giugni, M. (2016) ‘Protest participation and economic crisis: The conditioning role of political opportunities’, European Journal of Political Research. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugni, M. and Grasso, M. T. (2017) ‘Blame and contention: how perceptions of the government’s role in the economic crisis shape patterns of political action’, Acta Politica. doi:10.1057/s41269-017-0073-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, A. O. (1970) Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S. and Lord, C. (1997) Political Parties in the European Union, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hobolt, S. B. and Wittrock, J. (2011) ‘The second-order election model revisited: An experimental test of vote choices in European Parliament elections’, Electoral Studies 30(1): 29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M. and Marien, S. (2013) ‘A comparative analysis of the relation between trust and forms of political participation in Europe’, European Societies 15(1): 131–52. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2012.692807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., Oser, J. and Marien, S. (2016) ‘A comparative analysis of ‘good citizenship’: A latent class analysis of adolescents’ citizenship norms in 38 countries’, International Political Science Review 37(1): 115–29. doi: 10.1177/0192512114541562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutter, S. and Kriesi, H. 2013. ‘Movements of the left, movements of the right reconsidered’, in J. van Stekelenburg, C. Roggeband and B. Klandermans (eds.), The Future of Social Movement Research: Dynamics, Mechanisms, and Processes, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 281–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, A., Marien, S. and Hooghe, M. (2015) ‘Economic crisis and levels of political participation in Europe (2002–2010): The role of resources and Grievances’, West European Politics 38(3): 465–90. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2014.993152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H. (2008) ‘Political mobilisation, political participation and the power of the Vote’, West European Politics 31(1–2): 147–68. doi: 10.1080/01402380701834762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H. (2012) ‘The political consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe: electoral punishment and popular Protest’, Swiss Political Science Review 18(4): 518–22. doi: 10.1111/spsr.12006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laponce, J. A. (1967) ‘Non-voting and non-voters: a typology’, The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/ Revue Canadienne D'Economique et de Science Politique 33(1): 75–87.
   Google Scholar
• Laurison, D. (2016) ‘Social class and political engagement in the United States’, Sociology Compass 10(8): 684–97. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. 2013. ‘Globalization and the vertical challenge to democracy’, in H. Kriesi, S. Lavenex, F. Esser, J. Matthes, M. Buhlmann, and D. Bochsler (eds.), Democracy in the Age of Globalization and Mediatization, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 91–124.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, M. S. and Stegmaier, M. (2000) ‘Economic determinants of electoral outcomes’, Annual Review of Political Science 3: 183–219. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. (1999) Patterns of Democracy, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• LIVEWHAT (‘Living With Hard Times’) (2014) ‘Workpackage 4: Individual responses to crises’, http://www.unige.ch/livewhat/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Integrated-Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, P. (2009) ‘Representative versus Responsible Government’, MPIfG Working Paper 09/8. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam, D. (1986) ‘Recruitment to high-risk activism: the case of freedom summer’, American Journal of Sociology 92(1): 64–90. doi: 10.1086/228463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam, D. and Tarrow, S. G. (2010) ‘Ballots and barricades: on the reciprocal relationship between elections and social Movements’, Perspectives on Politics 8(2): 529–42. doi: 10.1017/S1537592710001234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. D. and Zald, M. N. (1977) ‘Resource mobilization and social movements: a partial theory’, American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212–41. doi: 10.1086/226464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson, L. A. and Paxton, P. (2010) ‘Social capital and political consumerism: a multilevel Analysis’, Social Problems 57(1): 5–24. doi: 10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J. H. and Franklin, M. N. ‘The 2014 European Parliament elections: still second order?’ in J. H. Nielsen and M. N. Franklin (eds.), The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections: Second Order or Second Rate? London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P. (ed.). (1999) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., Walgrave, S. and van Aelst, P. (2005) ‘Does protest signify disaffection? Demonstrators in a postindustrial Democracy’, Comparative Politics 37(2): 189–205. doi: 10.2307/20072882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passarelli, G. and Tuorto, D. (2014) ‘Not with my vote: turnout and the economic crisis in Italy’, Contemporary Italian Politics 6(2): 147–58. doi: 10.1080/23248823.2014.924232
   Google Scholar
• Pateman, C. (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (1998) ‘Voter turnout at the British general election of 1992: rational choice, social standing or political efficacy?’, European Journal of Political Research 33: 263–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (2001) ‘A Low turnout landslide: abstention at the British general election of 1997’, Political Studies 49(2): 286–305. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.00314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharr, S. J. and Putnam, R. D. (2000) Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling Trilateral Countries?, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. A. (1977) Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail, New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Portos, M. and Masullo, J. (2017) ‘Voicing outrage unevenly. democratic dissatisfaction, non-participation and participation frequency in the 15-M Campaign’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly 22(2): 201–22. doi: 10.17813/1086-671X-22-2-201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Ragsdale, L. and Rusk, J. G. (1993) ‘Who are nonvoters? Profiles from the 1990 Senate Elections’, American Journal of Political Science 37(3): 721–46. doi: 10.2307/2111572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif, K. and Schmitt, H. (1980) ‘Nine second-order national elections: A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results’, European Journal of Political Research 8(1): 3–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussman, A. and Soule, S. (2005) ‘Process and protest: accounting for individual protest Participation’, Social Forces 84(2): 1083–108. doi: 10.1353/sof.2006.0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Laer, J. (2010) ‘Activists ‘online’ and ‘offline:’ the Internet as an information channel for protest demonstrations’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly 15(3): 405–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verba, S. and Nie, N. H. (1972) Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality, New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L. and Brady, H. L. (1995) Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vráblíková, K. (2014) ‘How context matters? Mobilization, political opportunity structures and Non-electoral political participation in old and new democracies’, Comparative Political Studies 47(2): 203–29. doi: 10.1177/0010414013488538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamponi, L. and Bosi, L. (2016) ‘Which crisis? European crisis and national contexts in public discourse’, Politics and Policy 44(3): 400–26. doi: 10.1111/polp.12156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar