Interethnic weak ties online and out-group attitudes among Dutch ethnic majority adolescents

References

• Allport, G. W. (1954) The Nature of Prejudice, Reading: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F. (1997) ‘Feeling thermometers versus 7-point scales: which are better?’, Sociological Methods and Research 25: 318–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F. and Krosnick, J. A. (1991) ‘Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span’, American Journal of Sociology 97: 169–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. and Jiang, J. (2018) Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018, Pew Research Center. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/05/31/teens-social-media-technology-2018/ [Accessed 10 Mar 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Aral, S. (2016) ‘The future of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology 121: 1931–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auxier, B. and Anderson, M. (2021) Social Media Use in 2021, Pew Research Center. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/ [Accessed 10 Mar 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Bekhuis, H., Ruiter, S. and Coenders, M. (2013) ‘Xenophobia among younsters: the effect of inter-ethnic contact’, European Sociological Review 29: 229–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. (2001) ‘A psychology of immigration', Journal of Social Issues 57: 615-31.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. (1977) ‘A macrosociological theory of social structure’, American Journal of Sociology 83: 26–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blommaert, L., Coenders, M. and Van Tubergen, F. (2013) ‘Discrimination of Arabic-named applications in the Netherlands: an internet-based field experiment examining different phases in online recruitment procedures’, Social Forces 92: 957–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloothooft, G. and Schraagen, M. (2011) Name Fashion Dynamics and Social Class. Available from: dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/355635 [Accessed 23 Mar 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Bobo, L. and Zubrinsky, C. L. (1996) ‘Attitudes on residential integration: perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice?’, Social Forces 74: 883–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, M. and Van Tubergen, F. (2019) ‘Media messages and attitudes toward Muslims and ethnic minorities: a panel study among ethnic majority adolescents in the Netherlands’, Social Science Research 83: 102311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashears, M. E., Hoagland, E. and Quintane, E. (2016) ‘Sex and network recall accuracy’, Social Networks 44: 74–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubritzki, S., Van Tubergen, D. F., Weesie, J. and Smith, S. (2018) ‘Ethnic composition of the school class and interethnic attitudes: a multi-group perspective’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44: 482–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. E. (1971) The Attraction Paradigm, New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Castles, S., De Haas, H. and Miller, M. J. (2013) The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th edn. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Currarini, S., Jackson, M. O. and Pin, P. (2010) ‘Identifying the roles of race-based choice and chance in high school friendship network formation’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 4857–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPrete, T. A., Gelman, A., McCormick, T., Teitler, J. and Zheng, T. (2011) ‘Segregation in social networks based on acquaintanceship and trust’, American Journal of Sociology 116: 1234–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhard, A. and Madden, M. (2015) Social Media Update 2014, Pew Research Center. Available from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/ [Accessed 15 Jan 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Dunbar, R. I. M., Arnaboldi, V., Conti, M. and Passarella, A. (2015) ‘The structure of online social networks mirrors those in the offline world’, Social Networks 43: 39–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B. and Boyd, D. M. (2013) ‘Sociality through social network sites’, in W. H. Dutton (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 150–72.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of Facebook “friends”: social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 12: 1143–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. and Lampe, C. (2011) ‘Connection strategies: social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices’, New Media & Society 13: 873–982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feld, S. L. (1981) ‘The focused organization of social ties’, American Journal of Sociology 86: 1015–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Geel, M. and Vedder, P. (2010) ‘Multicultural attitudes among adolescents: the role of ethnic diversity in the classroom’, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14: 549–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. S. (1973) ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, K. N. (2017) ‘Studying the digital: directions and challenges for digital methods’, Annual Review of Sociology 43: 167–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B. (2017) Online Social Networks: Essays on Membership, Privacy, and Structure, Utrecht: ICS Dissertation Series. Available from: dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/356087 [Accessed 11 Jul 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B., Corten, R. and Van Tubergen, F. (2015) Dutch Facebook survey: wave 1 [Dataset and codebook]. Utrecht University. doi:10.17026/dans-235-tba9.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B., Corten, R. and Van Tubergen, F. (2016a) ‘Who was first on Facebook? Determinants of early adoption among adolescents’, New Media & Society 18: 2340–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B., Corten, R. and Van Tubergen, F. (2016b) ‘Understanding the privacy behavior of adolescents on Facebook: the role of peers popularity and trust’, Computers in Human Behavior 60: 611–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B., Corten, R. and Van Tubergen, F. (2021) ‘Beyond the core: who has larger social networks?’, Social Forces 99: 1274–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B., Corten, R., van Tubergen, F. and Ellison, N. B. (2017) ‘Sources of segregation in social networks: a novel approach using Facebook’, American Sociological Review 82: 625–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra, B. and De Schipper, N. C. (2018) ‘Predicting ethnicity using first names in online social media networks’, Big Data & Society 5: 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B. and Layton, B. J. (2010) ‘Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review’, PLoS Medicine 7: e1000316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janmaat, J. G. (2014) ‘Do ethnically mixed classrooms promote inclusive attitudes towards immigrants everywhere? A study among native adolescents in 14 countries’, European Sociological Review 30: 810–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaspers, E. and Van Tubergen, F. (2014) Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in the Netherlands (CILSNL) – Wave 4. Full version v4.1.0. DANS. doi:10.17026/dans-25k-z24n.
   Google Scholar
• Jurafsky, D. and Martin, J. (2008) Speach and Language Processing, 2nd Edition, Hoboken: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kalmijn, M. (1998) ‘Intermarriage and homogamy: causes, patterns, trends’, Annual Review of Sociology 24: 395–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalter, F., Heath, A. F., Hewstone, M., Jonsson, J. O., Kalmijn, M., Kogan, I., Tubergen, F. v., Kroneberg, C., Andersson Rydell, L., Brolin Låftman, S., Dollmann, J., Engzell, P., Geven, S., Horr, A., Huuva, L., Jacob, K., Jaspers, E., Kruse, H., Parameshwaran, M., Rudolphi, F., Salikutluk, Z., Smith, S. and Zantvliet, P. v. (2015) Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), Cologne: GESIS Data Archive. doi:10.4232/cils4eu.5353.3.3.0.
   Google Scholar
• Van Klingeren, M., Boomgaarden, H. J., Vliegenthart, R. and De Vreese, C. H. (2015) ‘Real word is not enough: the media as an additional source of negative attitudes toward immigration, comparing Denmark and the Netherlands’, European Sociological Review 31: 268–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkonen, A., Dahlberg, S., Harteveld, E. and van der Brug, W. (2015) ‘Group gender composition and tolerance of immigrants’ rights’, European Sociological Review 31: 65–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkonen, A., Esaiasson, P. and Gilljam, M. (2010) ‘Ethnic diversity and democratic citizenship: evidence from a social laboratory’, Scandinavian Political Studies 33: 331–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancee, B. and Sarassin, O. (2015) ‘Educated preferences or selection effects? A longitudinal analysis of the impact of educational attainment on attitudes towards immigrants’, European Sociological Review 31: 490–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, P. F. and Merton, R. K. (1954) ‘Friendships as a social process: a substantive and methodological analysis’, in M. Berger (ed.), Freedom and Control in Modern Society, New York: Van Nostrand, pp. 18–66.
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Perrin, A., Stepler, R., Raine, L. and Parker, K. (2015) Teens, Social Media & Technology Overview 2015, Pew Research Center. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/ [Accessed 10 Mar 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, K., Kaufman, J., Gonzalez, M., Wimmer, A. and Christakis, N. (2008) ‘Tastes, ties, and time: a new social network dataset using Facebook.com’, Social Networks 30: 330–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, N. (1999) ‘Social networks and status attainment’, Annual Review of Sociology 25: 467–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, A. and Puller, S. L. (2008) ‘The old boy (and girl) network: social network formation on university campuses’, Journal of Public Economics 92: 329–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L. and Cook, J. M. (2001) ‘Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks’, Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouw, T. and Entwisle, B. (2006) ‘Residential segregation and interracial friendship in schools’, American Journal of Sociology 112: 394–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. (2009) ‘Secondary transfer effect of contact: do intergroup contact effect spread to noncontacted outgroups?’, Social Psychology 40: 55–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F. and Tropp, L. R. (2006) ‘A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory’, Journal of Personality Social Psychology 90: 751–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U. and Christ, O. (2011) ‘Recent advances in intergroup contact theory’, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35: 271–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelkoul, M., Hewstone, M., Scheepers, P. and Stolle, D. (2015) ‘Does relative out-group size in neighborhoods drive down associational life of whites in the U.S.? Testing constrict, conflict and contact theories’, Social Science Research 52: 236–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savelkoul, M., Laméris, J. and Tolsma, J. (2017) ‘Neighbourhood ethnic composition and voting for the radical right in The Netherlands. The role of perceived neighbourhood threat and interethnic neighbourhood contact’, European Sociological Review 33: 209–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlueter, E. and Scheepers, P. (2010) ‘The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: a theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory’, Social Science Research 39: 285–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skvoretz, J. (2013) ‘Diversity, integration, and social ties: attraction versus repulsion as drivers of intra- and intergroup relations’, American Journal of Sociology 119: 486–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S., Maas, I. and Van Tubergen, F. (2012) ‘Irreconcilable differences? Ethnic intermarriage and divorce in the Netherlands, 1995–2008', Social Science Research 41: 1126–37.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., Maas, I. and Van Tubergen, F. (2014) ‘Ethnic ingroup friendships in schools: testing the by-product hypothesis in England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden’, Social Networks 39: 33–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StataCorp (2013a) Stata Statistical Software: Release 13, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• StataCorp (2013b) Stata 13 Base Reference Manual, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Netherlands (2012) Migranten, Vreemdelingen en Vluchtelingen: Begrippen op het Terrein van Asiel en Buitenlandse Migratie. Available from: http://www.cbs.nl [Accessed 16 Jun 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Netherlands (2015) CBS Statline: Bevolking; kerncijfers. Available from: http://statline.cbs.nl [Accessed 23 Mar 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N. and Espinoza, G. (2008) ‘Online and offline social networks: use of social networking sites by emerging adults’, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29: 420–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1974) ‘Social identity and ingroup behavior’, Social Science Information 13: 65–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C. (1975) ‘Social comparison and social identity: some prospects for intergroup behaviour’, European Journal of Social Psychology 5: 1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeij, L., Van Duijn, M. A. J. and Baerveldt, C. (2009) ‘Ethnic segregation in context: social discrimination among native Dutch pupils and their ethnic minority classmates’, Social Networks 31: 230–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervoort, M. H. M., Scholte, R. H. J. and Scheepers, P. L. H. (2011) ‘Ethnic composition of school classes, majority–minority friendships, and adolescents’ intergroup attitudes in the Netherlands’, Journal of Adolescence 34: 257–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, A. and Lewis, K. (2010) ‘Beyond and below racial homophily: ERG models of a friendship network documented on Facebook’, American Journal of Sociology 116: 583–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windzio, M. and Bicer, E. (2013) ‘Are we just friends? Immigrant integration into high- and low-cost social networks’, Rationality and Society 25: 123–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wölfer, R. and Hewstone, M. (2017) ‘Beyond the dyadic perspective: 10 reason for using social network analysis in intergroup contact research’, British Journal of Social Psychology 56: 606–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wölfer, R., Schmid, K., Hewstone, M. and van Zalk, M. (2016) ‘Developmental dynamics of intergroup contact and intergroup attitudes: long term effects in adolescence and early adulthood’, Child Development 87: 1466–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T. and Ropp, S. A. (1997) ‘The extended contact effect: knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73: 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zalk, M. H. W., Van Zalk, N., Kerr, M. and Stattin, H. (2014) ‘Influences between online-exclusive, conjoint and offline-exclusive friendship networks: the moderating role of shyness’, European Journal of Personality 28: 134–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, S., Page-Gould, E., Aron, A., Moyer, A. and Hewstone, M. (2019) ‘The extended contact hypothesis: a meta-analysis on 20 years of research’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 23: 132–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar