REFERENCES
- Alexa. 2015. Top Sites In: All Categories > News 2015. [cited March 30, 2015. http://www.alexa.com/topsites/category/Top/News
- Allen, David S. 2008. “The Trouble with Transparency.” Journalism Studies 9 (3): 323–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700801997224
- Anderson, C. W. 2011. “Deliberative, Agonistic, and Algorithmic Audiences: Journalism's Vision of its Public in an age of Audience Transparency.” International Journal of Communication 5: 529–547.
- Arpan, Laura M., Kaysee Baker, Youngwon Lee, Taejin Jung, Lori Lorusso, and Jason Smith. 2006. “News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes.” Mass Communication and Society 9 (1): 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_1.
- Avery, Elizabeth Johnson. 2010. “The Role of Source and the Factors Audiences Rely on in Evaluating Credibility of Health Information.” Public Relations Review 36 (1): 81–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.10.015.
- Bae, Hyuhn-Suhck. 2000. “Product Differentiation in National TV Newscasts: A Comparison of the Cable all-News Networks and the Broadcast Networks.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44 (1): 62–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4401_5.
- Ball, James. 2014. “The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: Data Journalism's Golden Age, or TMI?” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age
- Barnhurst, K. G., and D. Mutz. 1997. “American Journalism and the Decline in Event-Centered Reporting.” Journal of Communication 47 (4): 27–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02724.x.
- Bell, Emily. 2012. “Journalism by Numbers.” Columbia Journalism Review 51 (3): 48–49.
- Benson, Rodney, and Erik Neveu. 2005. “Introduction: Field Theory as a Work in Progress.” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by Rodney Benson and Erik Neveu, 1–28. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
- Berkowitz, Dan. 1990. “Refining the Gatekeeping Metaphor for Local Television News.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 34 (1): 55–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159009386725
- Berner, R. Thomas. 1992. The Process of Writing News. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Blankenburg, William B., and Ruth Walden. 1977. “Objectivity, Interpretation and Economy in Reporting.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 54 (3): 591–595. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907705400322
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. On Television. New York: The New Press.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 2005. “The Political Field, the Social Science Field and the Journalistic Field.” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by Rodney Benson and Erik Neveu, 29–47. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
- boyd, Danah, and Kate Crawford. 2012. “Critical Questions for big Data: Provocations for A Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon.” Information, Communcation & Society 15 (5): 662–679. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878.
- Boykoff, Maxwell T., and Jules M. Boykoff. 2007. “Climate Change and Journalistic Norms: A Case-Study of US Mass-Media Coverage.” Geoforum 38 (6): 1190–1204. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008
- Burns, Ryan. 2014. “Rethinking big Data in Digital Humanitarianism: Practices, Epistemologies, and Social Relations.” GeoJournal: 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9599-x.
- Burrows, Roger, and Mike Savage. 2014. “After the Crisis? Big Data and the Methodological Challenges of Empirical Sociology.” Big Data & Society 1 (1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714540280.
- Caple, Helen, and Monika Bednarek. 2015. “Rethinking News Values: What A Discursive Approach can Tell us About the Construction of News Discourse and News Photography.” Journalism. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884914568078.
- Carlson, Matt. 2014. “The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority.” Digital Journalism: 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412.
- Carlson, Matt. 2015. “Introduction: The Many Boundaries of Journalism.” In Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices, and Participation, edited by Matt Carlson and Seth C Lewis, 1–18. New York: Routledge.
- Chang, Tsan Kuo, Pamela J. Shoemaker, and Nancy Brendlinger. 1987. “Determinants of International News Coverage in the U.S. Media.” Communication Research 14 (4): 396–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009365087014004002.
- Christensen, P. Niels, Hank Rothgerber, Wendy Wood, and David C. Matz. 2004. “Social Norms and Identity Relevance: A Motivational Approach to Normative Behavior.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (10): 1295–1309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264480.
- Couldry, Nick, and Joseph Turow. 2014. “Big Data, Big Questions| Advertising, Big Data and the Clearance of the Public Realm: Marketers’ New Approaches to the Content Subsidy.” International Journal of Communication 8: 1710–1726.
- Cowling, David. 2015. “Election 2015: How the Opinion Polls Got it Wrong.” BBC.com, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32751993
- Dick, Murray. 2013. “Interactive Infographics and News Values.” Digital Journalism 2 (4): 490–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.841368.
- Dimitrova, Daniela V., and Colleen Connolly-Ahern. 2007. “A Tale of two Wars: Framing Analysis of Online News Sites in Coalition Countries and the Arab World During the Iraq war.” Howard Journal of Communications 18 (2): 153–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170701309973.
- Donsbach, Wolfgang, and Bettina Klett. 1993. “Subjective Objectivity. How Journalists in Four Countries Define A key Term of Their Profession.” International Communication Gazette 51 (1): 53–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/001654929305100104.
- Driscoll, Kevin, and Shawn Walker. 2014. “Working within A Black box: Transparency in the Collection and Production of big Twitter Data.” International Journal of Communication 8: 1745–1764.
- Duhigg, Charles. 2012. “How Companies Learn Your Secrets.” The New York Times Magazine, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/shopping-habits.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
- eBizMBA. 2015. Top 15 Most Popular News Websites, March 2015 [cited March 30, 2015. http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/news-websites
- Economist. 2012. “News of the World: To Survive Online, Newspapers are Seeking a Worldwide Audience.” The Economist.
- Ellenberg, Jordan. 2014. “What's Even Creepier Than Target Guessing That You're Pregnant?” Slate, http://www.slate.com/blogs/how_not_to_be_wrong/2014/06/09/big_data_what_s_even_creepier_than_target_guessing_that_you_re_pregnant.html
- Ensenberger, Peter. 2011. Focus on Composing Photos. Burlington, MA: Focal Press.
- Fairfield, Joshua, and Shtein Hannah. 2014. “Big Data, big Problems: Emerging Issues in the Ethics of Data Science and Journalism.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 29 (1): 38–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2014.863126
- Gandy, Oscar. 1982. Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Company.
- Gans, Herbert. 1979. Deciding What's News. 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books.
- Graber, Doris A. 1990. “Seeing is Remembering: How Visuals Contribute to Learning From Television News.” Journal of Communication 40 (3): 134–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02275.x.
- Griffin, Jeffrey L., and Robert L. Stevenson. 1996. “The Influence of Statistical Graphics on Newspaper Reader Recall.” Visual Communication Quarterly 3 (3): 9–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15551399609363328.
- Gynnild, Astrid. 2014. “Journalism Innovation Leads to Innovation Journalism: The Impact of Computational Exploration on Changing Mindsets.” Journalism 15 (6): 713–730. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913486393.
- Harcup, T., and D. O'Neill. 2001. “What is News? Galtung and Ruge Revisited.” Journalism Studies 2 (2): 261–280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700118449
- Hartley, John. 1982. Understanding News, Studies in Communication. London: Metheun.
- Hayes, Arthur, Jane Singer, and Jerry Ceppos. 2007. “Shifting Roles, Enduring Values: The Credible Journalist in A Digital age.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 22 (4): 262–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520701583545.
- Herman, Edward S., and Noam Chomsky. 2002. Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
- “History of the Guardian”. 2002. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/06/1
- Iyengar, Shanto. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Karlsson, Michael. 2008. “Visibility of Journalistic Processes and the Undermining of Objectivity.” Paper read at International Communication Association, at Montreal.
- Karlsson, Michael. 2010. “Rituals of Transparency.” Journalism Studies 11 (4): 535–545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616701003638400
- Kershner, James W. 2005. The Elements of News Writing. Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
- Lasica, J. D. 2004. “Transparency Begets Trust in the Ever-Expanding Blogosphere.” Online Journalism Review, http://www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1092267863.php
- Lewis, Seth C., and Oscar Westlund. 2014. “Big Data and Journalism: Epistemology, Expertise, Economics, and Ethics.” Digital Journalism 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976418.
- Lewis, Justin, Andrew Williams, and Bob Franklin. 2008. “A Compromised Fourth Estate? UK News Journalism, Public Relations and News Sources.” Journalism Studies 9 (1): 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700701767974.
- Lewis, Seth C., Rodrigo Zamith, and Alfred Hermida. 2013. “Content Analysis in an era of big Data: A Hybrid Approach to Computational and Manual Methods.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 57 (1): 34–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.761702.
- Li, Xigen. 1998. “Web Page Design and Graphic use of Three U.S. Newspapers.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (2): 353–365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500210.
- Lowrey, Wilson. 2002. “Word People vs. Picture People: Normative Differences and Strategies for Control Over Work Among Newsroom Subgroups.” Mass Communication and Society 5 (4): 411–432. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0504_03.
- Mayer-Schrönberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. 2013. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform how we Live, Work, and Think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Hardcourt.
- Metz, William. 1991. Newswriting from Lead to 30. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
- Mindich, David. 1998. Just the Facts: How “Objectivity” Came to Define American Journalism. New York: New York University Press.
- Mody, Bella. 2014. “Comparing the United Kingdom's Guardian Newspaper with its co-Owned South African Mail & Guardian Online : Towards Productive Global North–South Collaborations in the Digital World Information Order.” African Journalism Studies 35 (1): 74–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2014.886276.
- Neuendorf, Kimberly A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth, and Rainer Mathes. 1987. “The ‘Event as Event’ and the ‘Event as News’: The Significance of ‘Consonance’ for Media Effects Research.” European Journal of Communication 2 (4): 391–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323187002004002.
- Papacharissi, Zizi, and Maria de Fatima Oliveira. 2008. “News Frames Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis of Frames Employed in Terrorism Coverage in U.S. and U.K. Newspapers.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 13 (1): 52–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161207312676.
- Parasie, Sylvain. 2014. “Data-driven Revelation? Epistemological Tensions in Investigative Journalism in the age of ‘big Data’.” Digital Journalism: 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976408.
- Parasie, Sylvain, and Eric Dagiral. 2013. “Data-driven Journalism and the Public Good: ‘Computer-Assisted-Reporters’ and ‘Programmer-Journalists’ in Chicago.” New Media & Society 15 (6): 853–871. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812463345
- Patterson, Thomas E. 1993. Out of Order. New York: Random House.
- Phillips, Angela. 2010. “Transparency and the New Ethics of Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4 (3): 373–382. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512781003642972
- Plaisance, Patrick Lee. 2000. “The Concept of Media Accountability Reconsidered.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 15 (4): 257–268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327728JMME1504_5
- Plaisance, Patrick Lee, and Joan A. Deppa. 2009. “Perceptions and Manifestations of Autonomy, Transparency and Harm among U.S. Newspaper Journalists.” Journalism & Communication Monographs 10 (4): 327–386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790901000402
- Popper, Ben. 2014. “Nate Silver, the Math Wizard Who Predicted the 2012 Election, Launches Data News Site.” The Verge, http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/17/5518534/data-guru-nate-silver-launches-his-new-website-fivethirtyeight
- Richardson, Brian. 2007. The Process of Writing News: From Information to Story. Boston: Pearson.
- Riffe, Daniel, Stephen Lacy, and Frederick Fico. 1998. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Rodriguez, L., and D. Dimitrova. 2011. “The Levels of Visual Framing.” Journal of Visual Literacy 30 (1): 48–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684
- Rogers, Tony. 2004. Newswriting on Deadline. Boston: Pearson.
- Rogers, Simon. 2011. “Data Journalism at the Guardian: what is it and how do we do it?” Guardian, July 28.
- Rupar, Verica. 2006. “How Did You Find That Out? Transparency of the Newsgathering Process and the Meaning of News.” Journalism Studies 7 (1): 127–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700500450426.
- Schudson, Michael. 2001. “The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism.” Journalism 2 (2): 149–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490100200201.
- Schudson, Michael. 2003. The Sociology of News. Contemporary Societies Series. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 2014. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. 3rd ed. New York: Routeledge.
- Singer, Jane B. 2007. “Contested Autonomy: Professional and Popular Claims on Journalistic Norms.” Journalism Studies 8 (1): 79–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601056866.
- Singer, Jane B., and Ian Ashman. 2009. “‘Comment is Free, but Facts are Sacred’: User-Generated Content and Ethical Constructs at the Guardian.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 24 (1): 3–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08900520802644345.
- Sjovaag, Helle. 2015. “Hard News/Soft News: The Hierarchy of Genres and the Boundaries of the Profession.” In Boundaries of Journalism: Professionalism, Practices, and Participation, edited by Matt Carlson and Seth C Lewis, 101–117. New York: Routledge.
- Skovsgaard, Morten, Erik Albæk, Peter Bro, and Claes de Vreese. 2013. “A Reality Check: How Journalists’ Role Perceptions Impact Their Implementation of the Objectivity Norm.” Journalism 14 (1): 22–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912442286
- Spyridou, Lia-Paschalia, Maria Matsiola, Andreas Veglis, George Kalliris, and Charalambos Dimoulas. 2013. “Journalism in A State of Flux: Journalists as Agents of Technology Innovation and Emerging News Practices.” International Communication Gazette 75 (1): 76–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048512461763.
- Tuchman, Gaye. 1972. “Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen's Notions of Objectivity.” American Journal of Sociology 77 (4): 660–679. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2776752.
- Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
- Williams, Andy, Dave Harte, and Jerome Turner. 2014. “The Value of UK Hyperlocal Community News.” Digital Journalism: 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.965932.
- Willig, Ida. 2013. “Newsroom Ethnography in A Field Perspective.” Journalism 14 (3): 372–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912442638.
- von Wright, GeorgHenrik. 1969. “On the Logic and Ontology of Norms.” In Philosophical Logic, edited by J. W. Davis, D. J. Hockney, and W. K. Wilson, 89–107. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Young, Mary Lynn, and Alfred Hermida. 2014. “From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to Central Tendencies: Computational Journalism and Crime Reporting at the Los Angeles Times.” Digital Journalism: 1–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976409.
- Zavoina, Susan, and Tom Reichert. 2000. “Media Convergence/Management Change: The Evolving Workflow for Visual Journalists.” Journal of Media Economics 13 (2): 142–151. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327736ME1302_6