Afro-Pessimist or Africa Rising? US Newspaper Coverage of Africa, 1994–2018

References

• Bonsu, Samuel K. 2009. “Colonial Images in Global Times: Consumer Interpretations of Africa and Africans in Advertising.” Consumption Markets & Culture 12 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1080/10253860802560789.
   Google Scholar
• Boydstun, Amber E., Anne Hardy, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2014. “Two Faces of Media Attention: Media Storm Versus Non-Storm Coverage.” Political Communication 31 (4): 509–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes, Heather Jean. 1995. “`Suit, Tie and a Touch of Juju'—The Ideological Construction of Africa: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News on Africa in the British Press.” Discourse & Society 6 (4): 461–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunce, Melanie. 2017. “The International News Coverage of Africa: Beyond the ‘Single Story’.” In Africa’s Media Image in the Twenty-first Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising”, edited by Melanie Bunce, Suzanne Franks, and Chris Paterson, 17–29. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, Melanie, Suzanne Franks, and Chris Paterson, eds. 2017. Africa’s Media Image in the Twenty-first Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising.”. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ebanda de B’béri, Boulou, and P. Eric Louw. 2011. “Afropessimism: A Genealogy of Discourse.” Critical Arts 25 (3): 335–346. doi:10.1080/02560046.2011.615118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebo, Bosah. 1992. “American Media and African Culture.” Africa’s Media Image 15–25. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Fair, Jo Ellen. 1993. “War, Famine, and Poverty: Race in the Construction of Africa’s Media Image.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 17 (1): 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, Jonathan B., and Nalini Ambady. 2011. “A Dynamic Interactive Theory of Person Construal.” Psychological Review 118 (2): 247–279. doi:10.1037/a0022327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galtung, Johan, and Mari Holmboe Ruge. 1965. “The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (1): 64–90.
   Google Scholar
• Garz, Marcel. 2014. “Good News and Bad News: Evidence of Media Bias in Unemployment Reports.” Public Choice 161 (3/4): 499–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golan, Guy J. 2008. “Where in the World Is Africa? Predicting Coverage of Africa by US Television Networks.” International Communication Gazette 70 (1): 41–57. doi:10.1177/1748048507084577.
   Google Scholar
• Golan, Guy J. 2010. “Determinants of International News Coverage.” In International Media Communication in a Global Age, edited by Guy J. Golan, Thomas J. Johnson, and Wayne Wanta, 125–144. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, Anthony G., and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review 102 (1): 4–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer, Justin, and Brandon M. Stewart. 2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automated Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21 (3): 267–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, Daniel, and Gary King. 2010. “A Method of Automated Nonparametric Content Analysis for Social Science.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 229–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman, Tami. 1992. “Dateline Africa: Journalists Assess Africa Coverage.” In Africa’s Media Image, edited by Beverly G. Hawk, 223–236. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Ibelema, Minabere. 2014. “‘Tribal Fixation’ and Africa’s Otherness: Changes and Resilience in News Coverage.” Journalism & Communication Monographs 16 (3): 162–217. doi:10.1177/1522637914534611.
   Google Scholar
• Kayser-Bril, Nicolas. 2014. “Africa Is Not a Country.” The Guardian. January 24, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lajevardi, Nazita. 2020. Outsiders at Home: The Politics of American Islamophobia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lengauer, Günther, Frank Esser, and Rosa Berganza. 2012. “Negativity in Political News: A Review of Concepts, Operationalizations and Key Findings.” Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 13 (2): 179–202.
   Google Scholar
• Mahadeo, Michael, and Joe McKinney. 2007. “Media Representations of Africa: Still the Same Old Story?” Policy & Practice: A Development Education Review 4 (Spring): 14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, Ruth. 2002. Artificial Africas: Colonial Images in the Times of Globalization. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College: Published by University Press of New England.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Jina. 2012. “The White Correspondent’s Burden.” Boston Review August 2, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Nothias, Toussaint. 2012. “Definition and Scope of Afro-Pessimism: Mapping the Concept and Its Usefulness for Analysing News Media Coverage of Africa.” Leeds African Studies Bulletin 74: 54–62.
   Google Scholar
• Nothias, Toussaint. 2018. “How Western Journalists Actually Write About Africa: Re-Assessing the Myth of Representations of Africa.” Journalism Studies 19 (8): 1138–1159. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1262748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojo, Tokunbo. 2014. “Africa in the Canadian Media: The Globe and Mail’s Coverage of Africa from 2003 to 2012.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 35 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1080/02560054.2014.886660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleem, Muniba, Sara Prot, Craig A. Anderson, and Anthony F. Lemieux. 2017. “Exposure to Muslims in Media and Support for Public Policies Harming Muslims.” Communication Research 44 (6): 841–869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraeder, Peter J., and Brian Endless. 1998. “The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in the ‘New York Times’ (1955–1995).” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26 (2): 29–35. doi:10.2307/1166825.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Martin. 2009. “Marginalized, Negative or Trivial? Coverage of Africa in the UK Press.” Media, Culture & Society 31 (4): 533–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, Martin. 2017. “The Myth of Representations of Africa.” Journalism Studies 18 (2): 191–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serwornoo, Michael Yao Wodui. 2019. “The Coverage of Africa in Ghanaian Newspapers: The Dominant Western Voice in the Continent’s Coverage.” Journalism. doi:10.1177/1464884919887311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J. 1996. “Hardwired for News: Using Biological and Cultural Evolution to Explain the Surveillance Function.” Journal of Communication 46 (3): 32–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart N. 2006. “Good News and Bad News: Asymmetric Responses to Economic Information.” Journal of Politics 68 (2): 372–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart N. 2012. “The Gatekeeping Function: Distributions of Information in Media and the Real World.” Journal of Politics 74 (2): 514–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart N. 2014. Negativity in Democratic Politics: Causes and Consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wa’Njogu, John Kiare. 2009. “Representation of Africa in the Western Media: Challenges and Opportunities.” In Media and Identity in Africa, edited by Kimani Njogu and John F M Middleton, 76–83. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Kate. 2017. “It Was a ‘Simple’, ‘Positive’ Story of African Self-Help (Manufactured for a Kenyan NGO by Advertising Multinationals).” In Africa’s Media Image in the Twenty-first Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising”, edited by Melanie Bunce, Suzanne Franks, and Chris Paterson, 147–157. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, H., and Denis. 2000. “Systemic Determinants of International News Coverage: A Comparison of 38 Countries.” Journal of Communication 50 (2): 110–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Lori, and Stuart Soroka. 2012. “Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts.” Political Communication 29 (2): 205–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zein, Hassan El, and Anne Cooper. 1992. “New York Times Coverage of Africa 1976-1990.” In Africa’s Media Image, edited by Beverly G. Hawk, 133–148. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar