The Immigration Issue and the vox Populi: Letters to the Editor in six Scandinavian Newspapers 1970–2016

References

• Andersen, I. 2020. Instead of the Deliberative Debate. How the Principle of Expression Plays out in the News-Generated Facebook Discussion. Bergen: University of Bergen.
   Google Scholar
• Bastin, G., and M. Bouchet-Valat. 2014. “Media Corpora, Text Mining, and the Sociological Imagination.” Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 122 (1): 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Benhabib, J. 1996. “On the Political Economy of Immigration.” European Economic Review 40 (9): 1737–1743. doi:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00122-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, R. 2013. Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bohman, A. 2018. “Who's Welcome and Who's Not? Opposition Towards Immigration in the Nordic Countries, 2002-2014.” Scandinavian Political Studies 41 (3): 283–306. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.12120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochmann, G., and A. Hagelund. 2012. Immigration Policy and the Scandinavian Welfare State 1945–2010. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Brookes, G., and T. McEnery. 2018. “The Utility of Topic Modelling for Discourse Studies: A Critical Evaluation.” Discourse Studies 21 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1177/1461445618814032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buell, E. H. 1975. “Eccentrics or Gladiators? People who Write About Politics in Letters-to-the-Editor.” Social Science Quarterly 56 (3): 440–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciofalo, A., and K. Traverso. 1994. “Does the Op-Ed Page Have a Chance to Become a Public Forum?” Newspaper Research Journal 15 (4): 51–63.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, C., H. G. Knotts, and M. Haspel. 2009. “The Content of Political Participation: Letters to the Editor and the People Who Write Them.” PS: Political Science and Politics 42 (1): 131–137. doi:10.1017/S104909650909009X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Angelo, P. 2002. “News Framing as a Multiparadigmatic Research Program: A Response to Entman.” Journal of Communication 52 (4): 870–888. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02578.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberl, J.-M., C. E. Meltzer, T. Heidenreich, B. Herrero, N. Theorin, F. Lind, … J. Strömbäck. 2018. “The European Media Discourse on Immigration and its Effects: A Literature Review.” Annals of the International Communication Association 42 (3): 207–223. doi:10.1080/23808985.2018.1497452.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. 2019. Swedish word of the day: åsiktskorridor. Retrieved from: https://www.thelocal.se/20191230/swedish-word-of-the-day-asiktskorridor/.
   Google Scholar
• Eide, E., S. Alghasi, and A. H. Simonsen. 2020. Hvem er «vi» nå? Medier og Minoriteter i Norge [Who are «We» Now? Media and Minorities in Norway]. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
   Google Scholar
• Eide, E., R. Kunelius, and A. Phillips. 2008. Transnational Media Events: The Mohammed Cartoons and the Imagined Clash of Civilizations. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Eide, E., and A. H. Simonsen. 2007. Mistenkelige Utlendinger [Suspicious Foreigners]. Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figenschou, T. U., and A. Beyer. 2014. “Elitene, Minoritetene og Mediene. Definisjonsmakt i Norsk Innvandringsdebatt [The Elites, Minorities and the Media. The Power of Definition in the Norwegion Immigration Debate].” Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning 55 (1): 24–51. doi:10.18261/ISSN1504-291X-2014-01-02.
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. A., and A. Modigliani. 1989. “Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 95 (1): 1–37. doi:10.1086/229213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiou, M., and R. Zaborowski. 2017. Media Coverage of the “Refugee Crisis”: A Cross-European Perspective. Brüssels: Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin, T. 1980. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1974. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Green-Pedersen, C., and J. Krogstrup. 2008. “Immigration as a Political Issue in Denmark and Sweden.” European Journal of Political Research 47 (5): 610–634. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00777.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, L., and B. Hutchins. 2004. “Everyday Editorial Practices and the Public Sphere: Analysing the Letters to the Editor Page of a Regional Newspaper.” Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy 112 (1): 186–200. doi:10.1177/1329878X0411200115.
   Google Scholar
• Grey, D. L., and T. R. Brown. 1970. “Letters to the Editor: Hazy Reflections of Public Opinion.” Journalism Quarterly 47: 450–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gripsrud, J. 2018. Norsk Hamskifte? [A Changing Debate?]. Oslo: Vigmostad & Bjørke.
   Google Scholar
• Gripsrud, J. 2019. “SCANPUB: Nations, Nationalisms, Nation-States and Public Spheres - Some Background Notes and Results.” Javnost - The Public 26 (2): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13183222.2019.1600834.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. 1962. Strukturwandel der öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu Einer Kategorie der Bürgerlichen Gesellschaf [The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry Into a Category of Bourgeois Society]. Darmstadt: Luchterhand.
   Google Scholar
• Hagelund, A. 2003. The Importance of Being Decent: Political Discourse on Immigration in Norway 1970-2002. Oslo: Unipax.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1978. Policing the Crisis Mugging, the State, and law and Order. London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. 1986. The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. New York: Oxford University press.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D. C., and P. Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (Communication, Society and Politics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T., F. Hanusch, J. Ramaprasad, and A. S. De Beer (eds.) 2019. Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayek, L., M. Mayrl, and U. Russman. 2020. “The Citizen as Contributor—Letters to the Editor in the Austrian Tabloid Paper Kronen Zeitung (2008–2017).” Journalism Studies 21 (8): 1127–1145. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2019.1702476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, A., P. Schmidt, E. G. Green, A. Ramos, E. Davidov, and R. Ford. 2016. Attitudes towards Immigration and their Antecedents. Retrieved from: https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/93716/.
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, S. 1998. Reading Public Opinion: How Political Actors View the Democratic Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, D. B. 1981. “Letter Opinion on ERA: A Test of the Newspaper Bias Hypothesis.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45 (3): 384–392. doi:10.1086/268672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, K. 2020. Right-Wing Alternative Media. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horsti, K. 2008. “Overview of Nordic Media Research on Immigration and Ethnic Relations.” Nordicom Review 29 (2): 275–293. doi:10.1515/nor-2017-0191.
   Google Scholar
• Hovden, J. F. 2020. “From Wanderers to Strangers. The Shifting Space of Scandinavian Immigration Debate 1970–2016.” Communications 45 (1): 814–840. doi:10.1515/commun-2019-0199.
   Google Scholar
• Hovden, J. F., and H. Mjelde. 2019a. “Increasingly Controversial, Cultural, and Political: The Immigration Debate in Scandinavian Newspapers 1970–2016.” Javnost – The Public 26 (2): 138–157. doi:10.1080/13183222.2019.1589285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovden, J. F., and H. Mjelde. 2019b. Immigration debate in Scandinavian newspapers 1970-2016. Methodology, codebook and selected tables. Retrieved from: https://janfredrikhovden.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/scanpub-representative-content-analysis-methodology-sans-tables.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hynds, E. C. 1991. “Editorial Page Editors Discuss Use of Letters.” Newspaper Research Journal 13 (1-2): 124–136. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/073953299201300111.
   Google Scholar
• Ihlebæk, K. A., and S. Nygaard. 2021. “Right-Wing Alternative Media in the Scandinavian Political Communication Landscape.” In Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries, edited by E. Skogerbø, N. N. Kristensen, Ø Ihlen, and L. Nord, 263–282. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Kleis Nielsen, R. 2010. “Participation Through Letters to the Editor: Circulation, Considerations, and Genres in the Letters Institution.” Journalism 11 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1177/1464884909350641.
   Google Scholar
• Knutsen, O. 2017. The Nordic Models in Political Science. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Kracauer, S. 1952. “The Challenge of Qualitative Content Analysis.” Public Opinion Quarterly 16 (4): 631–642. doi:10.1086/266427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, B. G. 1972. “Functions of Letters to the Editor: A Re-Examination.” Journalism Quarterly 49 (1): 142–143. doi:10.1177/107769907204900122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebart, L., and A. Salem. 1994. Statistique Textuelle. Paris: Dunod.
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux, B., and H. Rouanet. 2010. Multiple Correspondence Analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lundby, K., S. Hjarvard, M. Lövheim, and H. H. Jernsletten. 2017. “Religion Between Politics and Media: Conflicting Attitudes Towards Islam in Scandinavia.” Journal of Religion in Europe 10 (4): 437–456. doi:10.1163/18748929-01004005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, J. G. 2000. Mediernes Konstruktion af Flygtninge-og Indvandrerspørgsmålet [The Media’s Construction of the Refugee and Immigrant Issue]. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
   Google Scholar
• Mancini, P., M. Mazzoni, G. Barbieri, M. Damiani, and M. Gerli. 2021. “What Shapes the Coverage of Immigration.” Journalism 22 (4): 845–866. doi:10.1177/1464884919852183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey, M., and J. Hmielowski. 2011. “Opinion Expression During Social Conflict: Comparing Online Reader Comments and Letters to the Editor.” Journalism 13 (3): 303–319. doi:10.1177/1464884911421696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, B. 2000. Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Political Public Sphere. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mjelde, H., and J. F. Hovden. 2019. “Populism in Scandinavian Immigration Discourse 1970–2016.” International Journal of Communication 13: 5483–5504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nader, R., and S. Gold. 1988. “Letters to the Editor: How About a Little Down-Home Glasnost.” Columbia Journalism Review 27: 52–57.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersen, S. V., and L. Østbye. 2013. Innvandrere i Norge, Sverige og Danmark [Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark]. Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå.
   Google Scholar
• Pounds, G. 2006. “Democratic Participation and Letters to the Editor in Britain and Italy.” Discourse & Society 17 (1): 29–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506058064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raeymaeckers, K. 2005. “Letters to the Editor: A Feedback Opportunity Turned Into a Marketing Tool.” European Journal of Communication Copyright 20 (2): 199–221. doi:10.1177/0267323105052298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, T. 2016. The Internet Soapbox. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Ravndal, J. 2018. “Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe: Introducing the RTV Dataset.” Perspectives on Terrorism 10 (3): 2–15.
   Google Scholar
• Reader, B., G. H. Stempel, and D. K. Daniel. 2004. “Age, Wealth, Education Predict Letters to Editor.” Newspaper Research Journal 25 (4): 55–66. doi:10.1177/073953290402500406.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, S. D., and P. J. Shoemaker. 2016. “A Media Sociology for the Networked Public Sphere: The Hierarchy of Influences Model.” Mass Communication & Society 19 (4): 389–410. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. E., and B. Franklin. 2004. “Letters of Intent: Election Campaigning and Orchestrated Public Debate in Local Newspapers’ Letters to the Editor.” Political Communication 21 (4): 459–478. doi:10.1080/10584600490518342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanow, W. I., W. C. Soderlund, R. H. Wagenberg, and E. D. Briggs. 1981. “Letters to the Editor in a Canadian Federal Election: Hard News, Editors’ Cues and Readers’ Views.” Journalism Quarterly 58: 57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Sigelman, L., and B. J. Walkosz. 1992. “Letters to the Editor as a Public Opinion Thermometer: The Martin Luther King Holiday Vote in Arizona.” Social Science Quarterly 73 (4): 938–946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singletary, M. W. 1976. “How the Public Perceives Letters to the Editor.” Journalism Quarterly 53: 535–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singletary, M. W., and M. Cowling. 1979. “Letters to the Editor of the non-Daily Press.” Journalism Quarterly 56: 165–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogerbø, E., Ø Ihlen, N. Nørgaard Kristensen, and L. Nord. 2021. Power, Communication, and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Göteborg: Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Strömbäck, J., F. Andersson, and E. Nedlund. 2017. Invandring i Medierna [Immigration in the Media]. Stockholm: Delmi.
   Google Scholar
• Togeby, L., and Ø Gaasholt. 1995. I syv Sind. Danskernes Holdninger til Flygtninge og Indvandrere. [[Idiom] Danes’ Attitudes on Refugees and Immigrants]. Århus: Politica.
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman, G. 1973. “Making News by Doing Work: Routinizing the Unexpected.” American Journal of Sociology 79 (1): 110–131. doi:10.1086/225510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 1999. “Letters to the Editor.” Peace Review 11 (1): 53–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659908426230.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2001. “Letters to the Editor as a Forum for Public Deliberation: Modes of Publicity and Democratic Debate.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 18 (3): 303–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07393180128085.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2002a. “The Construction of the Public in Letters to the Editor.” Journalism 3 (2): 183–204. doi:10.1177/146488490200300203.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2002b. “Understanding the Conditions for Public Discourse: Four Rules for Selecting Letters to the Editor.” Journalism Studies 3 (1): 69–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120107347.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2002c. “The Normative-Economic Justification for Public Discourse: Letters to the Editor as a “Wide Open” Forum.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (1): 121–133. doi:10.1177/107769900207900109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2004. “A “Legitimate Beef” or “Raw Meat”? Civility, Multiculturalism, and Letters to the Editor.” The Communication Review 7 (1): 89–105. doi:10.1080/714856591.
   Google Scholar
• White, D. M. 1950. “The Gatekeeper.” Journalism Quarterly 27 (4): 383–390. doi:10.1177/107769905002700403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widfeldt, A. 2018. The Growth of the Radical Right in Nordic Countries. Observations from the Past 20 Years. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, F. 2016. How the Workers Became Muslims: Immigration, Culture, and Hegemonic Transformation in Europe. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar