Black-boxing Journalistic Chains, an Actor-network Theory Inquiry into Journalistic Truth

References

• Alderhill. 2021. “BBC news registration? - Telecoms & TV - Toytown Germany.” https://www.toytowngermany.com/forum/topic/389695-bbc-news-registration/#comment-3867835.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, Allan. 2006. “News, Truth and Postmodernity: Unravelling the Will to Facticity.” In Theorizing Culture An Interdisciplinary Critique After Postmodernism, edited by Barbara Adam and Stuart Allan, 147–162. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ananny, M., and K. Crawford. 2018. “Seeing Without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and its Application to Algorithmic Accountability.” New Media & Society 20 (3): 973–989. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816676645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. W., and M. Schudson. 2019. “Objectivity, Professionalism, and Truth Seeking.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studies (2nd ed.), edited by K. Wahl-Jorgensen and T. Hanitzsch, 136–151. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315167497-9.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, P. L., and T. Luckmann. 1991. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Repr. in Penguin Books). London: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bloor, D. 1991. Knowledge and Social Imagery. 2nd Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broersma, M. 2010. “The Unbearable Limitations of Journalism: On Press Critique and Journalism’s Claim to Truth.” International Communication Gazette 72 (1): 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509350336.
   Google Scholar
• Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour. 1981. “Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macro- Structure Reality and How Sociologists Help Them To Do So.” In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, edited by Karin Knorr Cetina and A.V. Cicourel, 277–303. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Coddington, M. 2015. “Telling Secondhand Stories: News Aggregation and the Production of Journalistic Knowledge Committee” PhD diss., Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Texas at Austin]. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/32174.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, A. L., and N. J. Stroud. 2021. “The Effects of Journalistic Transparency on Credibility Assessments and Engagement Intentions.” Journalism 22 (4): 901–918. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919850387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuze, M., and T. Witschge. 2018. “Beyond Journalism: Theorizing the Transformation of Journalism.” Journalism 19 (2): 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916688550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo, D., P. Masip, and I. C. Meijer. 2015. “Tracing Digital News Networks: Towards an Integrated Framework of the Dynamics of News Production, Circulation and use.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.927996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David D., and V. Wiard. 2016. “News Networks.” In The SAGE Handbook of Digital Journalism, edited by Tamara Witschge, C. W. Anderson, David Domingo, and Alfred Hermida, 397–409. SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Ekström, M., and O. Westlund. 2019. “Epistemology and Journalism.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, edited by Henrik Örnebring. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.806.
   Google Scholar
• Ericson, R. V. 1998. “How Journalists Visualize Fact.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 560 (1): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716298560001007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettema, J., and T. L. Glasser. 1984, August 1. “On the Epistemology of Investigative Journalism.” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-Epistemology-of-Investigative-Journalism.-Ettema-Glasser/2685b5e92bba38ec670729de40c36fbba37040a9.
   Google Scholar
• Farkas, J., and J. Schou. 2019. Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy: Mapping the Politics of Falsehood. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gaitano, N. G., E. López-Escobar, and M. Martín Algarra. 2022. “Walter Lippmann’s Public Opinion Revisited.” Church, Communication and Culture 7 (1): 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2022.2042344.
   Google Scholar
• George, A. L., and A. Bennett. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godler, Y., Z. Reich, and B. Miller. 2020. “Social Epistemology as a new Paradigm for Journalism and Media Studies.” New Media & Society 22 (2): 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, L. 2016. “Anatomy of a Fact Check: Objective Practice and the Contested Epistemology of Fact Checking.” 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12163.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1973. “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse.” Centre for contemporary cultural studies.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, G. 2009a. Prince of Networks : Bruno Latour and Metaphysics. In Re.press.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, G. 2009b. Prince of Networks : Bruno Latour and Metaphysics. In Re.press.
   Google Scholar
• Hearns-Branaman, J. O. 2018. Journalism and the Philosophy of Truth: Beyond Objectivity and Balance (First Issued in Paperback). New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Hemmingway, E. 2005. “PDP, The News Production Network and the Transformation of News.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 11 (3): 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/135485650501100302.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 1988. Science in Action How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 1996. Aramis, or, The Love of Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 1999. Pandora’s Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 2004. Politics of Nature -How to Bring the Sciences Into Democracy. Cambridge: In Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 2010a. “Coming out as a Philosopher.” Social Studies of Science 40 (4): 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312710367697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 2010b. On the Modern Cult of the Factish Gods. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 2013. An Inquiry Into Modes of Existence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/scp.
   Google Scholar
• Latour, B., and C. Porter. 2017. Facing Gaia: Eight Lectures on the new Climatic Regime. Medford, MA: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, R. W. K. 2004. Critical Realism and News Production. Media, Culture & Society 26 (5): 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443704045507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, J. 2007. “Actor Network Theory and Material Semiotics 1.” http://www.
   Google Scholar
• Maras, S. 2012. Objectivity in Journalism. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martine, T., and J. De Maeyer. 2019. “Networks of Reference: Rethinking Objectivity Theory in Journalism.” Communication Theory 29 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qty020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molotch, H., and M. Lester. 1974. “News as Purposive Behavior: On the Strategic Use of Routine Events, Accidents, and Scandals.” American Sociological Review 39 (1): 101–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Torres, J. R. 2007. “Underlying Epistemological Conceptions in Journalism: The Case of Three Leading Spanish Newspapers’ Stylebooks.” Journalism Studies 8 (2): 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700601148838.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Torres, J. R. 2012. “Truth and Objectivity in Journalism: Anatomy of an Endless Misunderstanding.” Journalism Studies 13 (4): 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2012.662401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantumsinchai, P. 2018. “Armchair Detectives and the Social Construction of Falsehoods: An Actor–Network Approach.” Information Communication and Society 21 (5): 761–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1428654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primo, A., and G. Zago. 2015. “Who and What do Journalism?: An Actor-Network Perspective.” Digital Journalism 3 (1): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.927987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochazka, F., and M. Obermaier. 2022. “Trust Through Transparency? How Journalistic Reactions to Media-Critical User Comments Affect Quality Perceptions and Behavior Intentions.” Digital Journalism 10 (3): 452–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.2017316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, Z., and A. Barnoy. 2020. “How News Become “News” in Increasingly Complex Ecosystems: Summarizing Almost Two Decades of Newsmaking Reconstructions.” Journalism Studies 21 (7): 966–983. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1716830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano, C. 1986. “What? The Grisly Truth About Bare Facts.” In Reading the News: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture (1st ed), edited by R. K. Manoff, and M. Schudson, 38–78. Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, J. 1993. “Beyond Objectivity.” In Nieman Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Rupar, V. 2006. “Reflections on Journalism and Objectivity: An Episode, Ideal or Obstacle.” MEDIANZ: Media Studies Journal of Aotearoa New Zealand 9 (2): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.11157/medianz-vol9iss2id76.
   Google Scholar
• Stalph, F. 2019. “Hybrids, Materiality, and Black Boxes: Concepts of Actor-Network Theory in Data Journalism Research.” Sociology Compass 13 (11): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, L. 2018. “Solving Journalism’s Post-Truth Crisis With Feminist Standpoint Epistemology.” Journalism Studies 19 (13): 1854–1865. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1498749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman, G. 1980. “Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality (First Free Press paperback ed).” Free Press [u.a.].
   Google Scholar
• Turner, F. 2005a. “Actor-Networking the News.” Social Epistemology 19 (4): 321–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691720500145407.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, F. 2005b. “Where the Counterculture Met the New Economy: The WELL and the Origins of Virtual Community.” Technology and Culture 46 (3): 485–512. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2005.0154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J. E., and R. W. Butler. 2013. “The Epistemology of Fact Checking.” Critical Review 25 (2): 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2013.843872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2016. “Is There a ‘Postmodern Turn’ in Journalism?” Rethinking Journalism Again: Societal Role and Public Relevance in a Digital Age, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315716244.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K., and T. Hanitzsch. 2009. “Introduction: On why and how we Should do Journalism Studies.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studies, edited by K. Wahl-Jorgensen and T. Hanitzsch, 3–16. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203877685-8.
   Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S. (2008). Advocacy Journalism in a Global Context. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203877685.CH26
   Google Scholar
• Ward, S. 2018. “Epistemologies of Journalism.” In Journalism, edited by T. P. Vos, 63–82. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501500084-004.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, A. S., and D. Domingo. 2010. “Innovation Processes in Online Newsrooms as Actor-Networks and Communities of Practice.” New Media and Society 12 (7): 1156–1171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809360400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wien, C. 2017. “Defining Objectivity Within Journalism.” Nordicom Review 26 (2): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0255.
   Google Scholar
• Witschge, T., C. W. Anderson, D. Domingo, and A. Hermida. 2019a. “Dealing with the Mess (we Made): Unraveling Hybridity, Normativity, and Complexity in Journalism Studies.” Journalism 20 (5): 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918760669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witschge, T., C. W. Anderson, D. Domingo, and A. Hermida. 2019b. “Dealing with the Mess (we Made): Unraveling Hybridity, Normativity, and Complexity in Journalism Studies.” Journalism 20 (5): 651–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918760669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wölker, A., and T. E. Powell. 2021. “Algorithms in the Newsroom? News Readers’ Perceived Credibility and Selection of Automated Journalism.” Journalism 22 (1): 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918757072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar