Understanding Audience Emotional Needs in Crisis Journalism: The Boston Globe’s Social Media Coverage of the Boston Marathon Bombing

References

• Ahmed, S., V. C. Hsueh-Hua, and A. I. Chib. 2021. “Xenophobia in the Time of a Pandemic: Social Media Use, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Against Immigrants During the COVID-19 Crisis.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33 (3): 637–653. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edab014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, K. E., and T. L. Sellnow. 2011. “Information Acquisition, Perception, Preference, and Convergence by Gulf Coast Residents in the Aftermath of the Hurricane Katrina Crisis.” Argumentation and Advocacy 48 (2): 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028533.2011.11821756.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L. 2012. “The Personalization of Politics: Political Identity, Social Media, and Changing Patterns of Participation.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 644 (1): 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212451428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, J., and T. Gillespie. 2011. “Hosting the Public Discourse, Hosting the Public: When Online News and Social Media Converge.” Journalism Practice 5 (4): 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.557560
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, A. 2003. “Gatewatching, not Gatekeeping: Collaborative Online News.” Media International Australia 107 (1): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0310700106.
   Google Scholar
• Burr, T. 2019. “Offering Some Comments on Commenting.” The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2019/05/09/offering-some-comments-commenting/6Z7GAwUfEbsSWTWrUPratJ/story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, J. W. 2007. “A Cultural Approach to Communication. Theorizing Communication.” In Readings Across Traditions, edited by R. Craig and H. Muller, 37–50. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dubois, L. April 21, 2013. ‘Boston Strong’ Emerges as Rallying Cry, From Stadiums to Tweets. NBC News.
   Google Scholar
• Ekström, M., and A. Shehata. 2018. “Social Media, Porous Boundaries, and the Development of Online Political Engagement Among Young Citizens.” New Media & Society 20 (2): 740–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816670325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N. 1992. “Discourse and Text: Linguistic and Intertextual Analysis Within Discourse Analysis.” Discourse & Society 3 (2): 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926592003002004.
   Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., J. R. Jackson, B. C. Dunton, and C. J. Williams. 1995. “Variability in Automatic Activation as an Unobtrusive Measure of Racial Attitudes: A Bona Fide Pipeline?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (6): 1013. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer-Conill, R., and E. C. Tandoc. 2018. “The Audience-Oriented Editor: Making Sense of the Audience in the Newsroom.” Digital Journalism 6 (4): 436–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1440972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, J. 1989. “Moments of Television: Neither the Text nor the Audience.” In Remote Control: Television, Audiences, and Cultural Power, edited by J. Fiske, E. Seiter, H. Borchers, G. Kreutzner and E.-M. Warth, 56–78. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203768976.
   Google Scholar
• Gearhart, S., and S. Kang. 2014. “Social Media in Television News: The Effects of Twitter and Facebook Comments on Journalism.” Electronic News 8 (4): 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243114567565.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, L. 2009. “Social News, Citizen Journalism and Democracy.” New Media and Society 11 (8): 1287–1305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, D. 2017. “‘The Brothers’ Examines Motivation Behind Boston Marathon Bombing.” NPR.
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, J. E., and L. A. Grunig. 1992. “Models of Public Relations and Communication.” In Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, edited by J. Grunig, 285–325. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Ha, L., and E. L. James. 1998. “Interactivity Reexamined: A Baseline Analysis of Early Business Web Sites.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 442 (4): 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159809364462.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, T. M., and B. Barthel. 2009. “Wielding New Media in Web 2.0: Exploring the History of Engagement with the Collaborative Construction of Media Products.” New Media & Society 11 (1-2): 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808099580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille, S., and P. Bakker. 2014. “Engaging the Social News User: Comments on News Sites and Facebook.” Journalism Practice 8 (5): 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.899758.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, M. A. 2016. “Social Identity Theory.” In Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory. Peace Psychology Book Series, edited by S. McKeown, R. Haji, and N. Ferguson, 3–17. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Holman, E. A., D. R. Garfin, and R. C. Silver. 2014. “Media’s Role in Broadcasting Acute Stress Following the Boston Marathon Bombings.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (1): 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humprecht, E., L. Hellmueller, and J. A. Lischka. 2020. “Hostile Emotions in News Comments: A Cross-National Analysis of Facebook Discussions.” Social Media+ Society 6 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051209124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, Y., J. D. Fraustino, and B. F. Liu. 2016. “The Scared, the Outraged, and the Anxious: How Crisis Emotions, Involvement, and Demographics Predict Publics’ Conative Coping.” International Journal of Strategic Communication 10 (4): 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2016.1160401.
   Google Scholar
• Kakutani, M. 2013. “Unraveling Boston Suspects' Online Lives, Link by Link,” The New York Times, sec. U.S., https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/24/us/unraveling-brothers-online-lives-link-by-link.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kalogeropoulos, A., S. Negredo, I. Picone, and R. K. Nielsen. 2017. “Who Shares and Comments on News? A Cross-National Comparative Analysis of Online and Social Media Participation.” Social Media + Society 3 (4), https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117735754.
   Google Scholar
• Lule, J. 1989. News as Drama: The Study of News Language. Washington DC: AEJMC.
   Google Scholar
• Matsaganis, M., and M. Seo. 2014. “Stress in the Aftermath of the Economic Crisis in Urban Communities: The Interplay of Media Use, Perceived Economic Threat, and Community Belonging.” Communication Research Reports 31 (4): 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2014.924340.
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, K. 2013. “Where Old (gatekeepers) Meets New (media) Herding Eeader Comments Into Print.” Journalism Practice 7 (6): 755–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2013.774117.
   Google Scholar
• Milburn, M. A., and A. B. McGrail. 1992. “The Dramatic Presentation of News and its Effects on Cognitive Complexity.” Political Psychology 13 (4): 613–632. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, M. 2015. “Conflictual Media Events, Eyewitness Images, and the Boston Marathon Bombing.” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 536–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2015.1030140
   Google Scholar
• Musser, J., and T. O’Reilly. 2006. “Web 2.0. Principles and Best Practices.” http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/web2report/chapter/web20_report_except.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Intelligence Council. 2021, March. 2040 Global Trends Report. Accessed June 22, 2021. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/global-trends-home.
   Google Scholar
• Nhan, J., L. Huey, and R. Broll. 2017. “Digilantism: An Analysis of Crowdsourcing and the Boston Marathon Bombings.” The British Journal of Criminology 57 (2): 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palen, L., and A. L. Hughes. 2018. “Social Media in Disaster Communication.” Handbook of Disaster Research, 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_24.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2021. “Social Media Fact Sheet.” PewResearch.org. Accessed August 19, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/#who-uses-each-social-media-platform?menuItem=c14683cb-c4f4-41d0-a635-52c4eeae0245.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, S. M. 2010. “Adolescents' Sense of Community on Myspace and Facebook: A Mixed-Methods Approach.” Journal of Community Psychology 38 (6): 688–705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20389
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. 2013, April 17. “By the Numbers: BMBs.” CNN. Accessed August 26, 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2013/04/17/us/by-the-numbers-boston-marathon-bombings/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Slone, M. 2000. “Responses to Media Coverage of Terrorism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (4): 508–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002700044004005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista Research Department. 2021. “Facebook: Number of Daily Active Users Worldwide 2011–2021.” Statista.com.
   Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J., E. Van Duyn, and C. Peacock. 2016. “News Commenters and News Comment Readers.” https://mediaengagement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ENP-News-Commenters-and-Comment-Readers1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, J., C. B. Gibson, E. S. Spiro, C. League, S. M. Fitzhugh, and C. T. Butts. 2015. “What it Takes to get Passed on: Message Content, Style, and Structure as Predictors of Retransmission in the Boston Marathon Bombing Response.” PLoS One 10 (8): e0134452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swart, J., C. Peters, and M. Broersma. 2018. “Shedding Light on the Dark Social. The Connective Role of News and Journalism in Social Media Communities.” New Media and Society 20 (11): 4329–4345. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818772063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini, R., R. H. Huang, D. Mastro, and R. Nabashi-Nakahara. 2007. “The Influence of Race, Heuristics, and Information Load on Judgments of Guilt and Innocence.” Communication Studies 58 (4): 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970701648566.
   Google Scholar
• Tanikawa, M. 2022. “Do Journalists Cater to Audience’s Social Identity? Assessing the Alignment of News Content with Readers’ National Identity Orientations.” International Communication Gazette 84 (5): 422–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485211064453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. E. 1999, November. “A Six-Segment Message Strategy Wheel.” Journal of Advertising Research 39 (6): 7–17. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A60905111/AONE?u=anon~ad16ecda&sid=googleScholar&xid=08110303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorson, K., and C. Wells. 2015. “How Gatekeeping Still Matters: Understanding Media Effects in an Era of Curated Flows.” In Gatekeeping in Transition, edited by T. P. Vos and F. Heinderyckx, 25–44. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tigwell, G. W., and D. R. Flatla. 2016. “Oh, That’s What You Meant! Reducing Emoji Misunderstanding.” In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services Adjunct, 859–866.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia, M., and P. Wen. 2015, April 8. “Tsarnaev Guilty on All Counts in Marathon Bombings.” The Boston Globe https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/04/08/tsarnaev-jury-begins-second-day-deliberations/t7KplwR18hH1RSuX1BQohM/story.html.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Wurff, R., and K. Schoenbach. 2014. “Civic and Citizen Demands of.” News Media and Journalists: What Does the Audience Expect from Good Journalism?” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 91 (3): 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699014538974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duyn, E., C. Peacock, and N. J. Stroud. 2021. “The Gender Gap in Online News Comment Sections.” Social Science Computer Review 39 (2): 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319864876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2002. “Understanding the Conditions for Public Discourse: Four Rules for Selecting Letters to the Editor.” Journalism Studies 3 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700120107347.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K. 2020. “An Emotional Turn in Journalism Studies?” Digital Journalism 8 (2): 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1697626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, X., M. M. Zhan, and B. F. Liu. 2019. “Understanding Motivated Publics During Disasters: Examining Message Functions, Frames, and Styles of Social Media Influentials and Followers.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 27 (4): 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar