Teenage pregnancy, attachment style, and depression: A comparison of teenage and adult pregnant women in a Portuguese series

References

• Allen , J. P. and Land , D. 1999 . “ Attachment in adolescence ” . In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications , Edited by: Cassidy , J. and Shaver , P. R. 319 – 335 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence . 1989 . Adolescent pregnancy . Pediatrics , 83 : 132 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Apfel , N. and Seitz , V. 1996 . African American adolescent mothers, their families, and their daughters: A longitudinal perspective over twelve years , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Areias , M. E. G. , Kumar , R. , Barros , H. and Figueiredo , E. 1996a . Correlates of postnatal depression in mothers and fathers . British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 : 36 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areias , M. E. G. , Kumar , R. , Barros , H. and Figueiredo , E. 1996b . Comparative incidence of depression in women and men, during pregnancy and after childbirth. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Portuguese mothers . British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 : 30 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusto , A. , Kumar , R. , Calheiros , J. M. , Matos , E. and Figueiredo , E. 1996 . Post-natal depression in an urban area of Portugal: Comparison of childbearing women and matched controls . Psychological Medicine , 26 : 135 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranowski , M. D. , Schilmoeller , G. L. and Higgins , B. S. 1990 . Parenting attitudes of adolescent and older mothers . Adolescence , XXV : 781 – 790 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , K. , Osofsky , J. , Beckwith , L. , Hammond , M. and Appelbaum , M. 1996 . A collaborative effort to study mother – child interaction in three risk groups: Social risk mother, adolescent mother, preterm infant . Infant Mental Health Journal , 17 : 293 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Belsky , J. , Rovine , M. and Fish , M. 1989 . “ The developing family system ” . In Minnesota symposia on child psychology , Edited by: Gunnar , M. R. and Thelen , E. 119 – 166 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Chap. 4
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , D. , Zeanah , C. and Barton , M. 1989 . Maternal attachment in failure to thrive . Mental Health Journal , 10 : 185 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernazzani , O. , Conroy , S. , Marks , M. , Siddle , K. , Guedeney , N. Bifulco , A. 2004 . Contextual Assessment of the Maternity Experience (CAME): Development of an instrument for cross-cultural research . British Journal of Psychiatry , 184 : 20 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Besser , A. , Priel , B. and Wiznitzer , A. 2002 . Childbearing depressive symptomatology in high-risk pregnancies: The roles of working models and social support . Personal Relationships , 9 : 395 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Brown , G. W. and Harris , T. O. 1994 . Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 35 : 1419 – 1435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Brown , G. W. , Lillie , A. and Jarvis , J. 1997 . Memories of childhood neglect and abuse: Corroboration in a series of sisters . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 38 : 365 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Figueiredo , B. , Guedeney , N. , Gorman , L. , Hayes , S. Muzik , M. 2004 . Maternal attachment style and depression associated with childbirth: Preliminary results from a European and US cross-cultural study of postnatal depression . British Journal of Psychiatry , 184 : 33 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Kwon , J. H. , Moran , P. , Jacobs , C. and Bunn , A. “ Adult attachment style as a mediation of childhood neglect/abuse and adult depression and anxiety ” . In Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology submitted
   Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. and Moran , P. 1998 . Wednesday's child: Research in to women's experience of neglect and abuse in childhood and adult depression , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Moran , P. M. , Ball , C. and Bernazzani , O. 2002a . Adult attachment style I: Its relationship to clinical depression . Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology , 37 : 50 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifulco , A. , Moran , P. M. , Ball , C. and Lillie , A. 2002b . Adult attachment style II: Its relationship to psychosocial depressive-vulnerability . Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology , 37 : 60 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1988 . A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. , Andrews , B. , Harris , T. O. , Adler , Z. and Bridge , L. 1986 . Social support, self-esteem and depression . Psychological Medicine , 16 : 813 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. , Bifulco , A. T. and Andrews , B. 1990 . Self-esteem and depression III: Aetiological issues . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 25 : 235 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. and Harris , T. O. 1978 . Social origins of depression , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. and Rutter , M. 1966 . The measurement of family activities and relationships: A methodological study . Human Relations , 19 : 241 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. , Cohen , P. , Johnson , J. G. and Salzinger , S. 1998 . A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect . Child Abuse & Neglect , 22 : 1065 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole-Detke , H. and Kobak , R. 1996 . Attachment processes in eating disorder and depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 282 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley , R. and Chase-Lansdale , L. 1998 . Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood: Recent evidences and future directions . American Psychologist , 53 : 152 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contreras , J. M. , Mangelsdorf , S. C. , Rhodes , J. E. , Diener , M. L. and Brunson , L. 1999 . Parent – child interaction among Latina adolescent mothers: The role of family and social support . Journal of Research in Adolescence , 9 : 417 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , J. L. , Holden , J. M. and Sagovsky , R. 1987 . Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale . British Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 782 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa , D. , Larouche , J. , Dritsa , M. and Brender , W. 2000 . Psychosocial correlates of prepartum and postpartum depressed mood . Journal of Affective Disorders , 59 : 31 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , A. and Rhodes , J. 1994 . African-American teenage mothers and their mothers: An analysis of supportive and problematic interactions . Journal of Community Psychology , 22 : 12 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Deal , L. W. and Holtz , V. L. 1998 . Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: Results from the 1988 national maternal and infant health survey . American Journal of Public Health , 88 : 266 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard-Gran , M. , Tambs , K. , Opjordsmoen , S. , Skrondal , A. and Eskild , A. 2004 . Depression during pregnancy and after delivery: A repeated measurement study . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 25 : 15 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , B. J. , Bates , J. E. , Dodge , K. A. , Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. Pettit , G. S. 2003 . Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? . Child Development , 74 : 801 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission . 2000 . Report on the state of young people's health in the European Union European Commission web site: http://europa.eu.int/comm/health
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat . 2000 . Statistical Office of the European Communities Retrieved October 20, 2001, from www.europa.eu.int/comm./eurostat
   Google Scholar
• Feeney , J. 2003 . Adult attachment, involvement in infant care, and adjustment to new parenthood . Journal of Systemic Therapies , 22 : 16 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Feeney , J. , Alexander , R. , Noller , P. and Hohaus , L. 2003 . Attachment insecurity, depression, and the transition to parenthood . Personal Relationships , 10 : 475 – 493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney , J. A. , Noller , P. and Callan , V. J. 1994 . Attachment style, communication and satisfaction in the early years of marriage . Advances in Personal Relationships , 5 : 269 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , B. 1997 . Postpartum depression, mother – infant interaction and child development , Braga : Minho University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , B. 2001 . “ I am a teenage mother ” . In Mental health promotion of adolescents and young people , Edited by: Mental Health Europe and European Commission . 69 Brussels : Directory of Projects in Europe .
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo , B. , Pacheco , A. and Magarinho , R. 2005 . Adolescent and adult pregnant women: Different risk conditions? . Acta Médica Portuguesa , 18 : 97 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , A. S. , Ruble , D. N. , Flett , G. L. and Van Wagner , V. 1990 . Postpartum adjustment in first-time mothers: Changes in mood and mood content during the early postpartum months . Developmental Psychology , 26 : 137 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee , C. B. and Rhodes , J. E. 2003 . Adolescent mothers' relationships with their children's biological fathers: Social support, social strain, and relationship continuity . Journal of Family Psychology , 17 : 370 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazier , R. H. , Elgar , F. J. , Goel , V. and Holzapfel , S. 2004 . Stress, social support, and emotional distress in a community sample of pregnant women . Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 25 : 247 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann , D. , Osofsky , J. and Culp , A. 1996 . Relating the adolescent mother – child relationship to preschool outcomes . Infant Mental Health Journal , 17 : 302 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , C. R. , Papas , M. A. and Black , M. M. 2002 . Resilience among African American adolescent mothers: Predictors of positive parenting in early infancy . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 619 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , D. B. , Elek , S. M. and Campbell-Grossman , C. 2000 . Depression, self-esteem, loneliness, and social support among adolescent mothers participating in the new parents project . Adolescence , 35 : 445 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koback , R. and Hazan , C. 1991 . Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 861 – 869 .
   Google Scholar
• Krishnakumar , A. and Black , M. M. 2003 . Family processes within three generation households and adolescent mothers' satisfaction with father involvement . Journal of Family Psychology , 17 : 488 – 498 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadbeater , B. J. R. and Linares , O. 1992 . Depressive symptoms and neglect and Puerto Rican adolescent mothers in the first three years postpartum . Development and Psychopathology , 4 : 451 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. V. , Tuber , S. B. , Slade , A. and Ward , M. J. 1991 . Mothers' mental representations and their relationships to mother – infant attachment . Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic , 55 : 454 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos , R. , Figueiredo , B. , Martins , C. , Jongenelen , I. , Iglésias , C. and Soares , I. . Teenage motherhood: History of abuse, attachment representation and mother – infant interaction . Poster presented at the 7th Congress of the World Association for Infant Mental Health . Montréal, Canada. July ,
   Google Scholar
• Michelson , K. D. , Kessler , R. C. and Shaver , P. R. 1997 . Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 1092 – 1106 .
   Google Scholar
• Osborne , L. N. and Rhodes , J. E. 2001 . The role of social support in the adjustment of victimized pregnant and parenting minority adolescents . American Journal of Community Psychology , 29 : 833 – 849 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osofsky , J. D. , Eberhart-Wright , A. , Ware , L. and Hann , D. 1992 . Children of adolescent mothers: A group at risk for psychopathology . Infant Mental Health Journal , 13 : 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Pacheco , A. , Costa , R. and Figueiredo , B. 2003 . Attachment style, quality of the relationship with significant figures and of the therapeutic alliance, and psychopathological symptomatology: Exploratory study with adolescent mothers . International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology , 3 : 35 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , B. , McFarlane , J. and Soeken , K. 1994 . Abuse during pregnancy: Effects on maternal complications and birth weight in adult and teenage women . Obstetrics & Gynecology , 84 : 323 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick , M. , Hobson , R. P. , Castle , D. , Howard , R. and Maughan , B. 1994 . Personality disorder and the mental representation of early social experience . Developmental Psychopathology , 6 : 375 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinini , C. A. , Rapoport , A. , Centenaro-Levandowski , D. and Royer-Voigt , P. 2002 . Social support perceived by adolescent and adult mothers: From pregnancy to the infant's third month of life . PSICO , 33 : 9 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Priel , B. and Besser , A. 2002 . Perceptions of early relationships during the transition to motherhood: The mediating role of social support . Infant Mental Health Journal , 23 : 343 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodromidis , M. , Abrams , S. , Field , T. , Scafidi , F. and Rahdert , E. 1994 . Psychosocial stressors among depressed adolescent mothers . Adolescence , 29 : 331 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Radestad , I. , Rubertsson , C. , Ebeling , M. and Hildingsson , I. 2004 . What factors in early pregnancy indicate the mother will be hit by her partner during the year after childbirth? . Birth , 31 : 84 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes , J. E. , Ebert , L. and Meyers , A. B. 1994 . Social support, relationship problems and the psychological functioning of young African-American mothers . Journal of Social & Personal Relationships , 11 : 587 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Rholes , W. S. and Simpson , J. A. 2004 . Ambivalent attachment and depressive symptoms: The role of romantic and parent – child relationships . Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy , 18 : 67 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Rholes , W. S. , Simpson , J. A. , Campbell , L. and Grich , J. 2001 . Adult attachment and the transition to parenthood . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81 : 421 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter , C. , Hobfoll , S. , Lavin , J. , Cameron , R. and Hulsizer , M. 2000 . Stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in low-income, inner-city women . Health Psychology , 19 : 576 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. , O'Connor , T. , Dunn , J. , Golding , J. and the ALSPAC Study Team . 2004 . The effects of child sexual abuse in later family life: Mental health, parenting and adjustment of offspring . Child Abuse & Neglect , 28 : 525 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubertsson , C. , Waldenstroem , U. and Wickberg , B. 2003 . Depressive mood in early pregnancy: Prevalence and women at risk in a national Swedish sample . Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology , 21 : 113 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilmoeller , G. L. , Baranowski , M. D. and Higgins , B. S. 1991 . Long-term support and personal adjustment of adolescent and older mothers . Adolescence , 26 : 787 – 797 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. , Rholes , W. , Campbell , L. , Tran , S. and Wilson , C. 2003 . Adult attachment, the transition to parenthood, and depressive symptoms . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 84 : 1172 – 1187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. A. , Rholes , W. S. , Campbell , L. , Wilson , C. and Tran , S. 2002 . “ Adult attachment, the transition to parenthood, and marital well-being ” . In Understanding marriage: Developments in the study of couple interaction , Edited by: Noller , P. and Feeney , J. 385 – 410 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Social Exclusion Unit UK . 1999 . Teenage Pregnancy Report by the Social Exclusion Unit , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Spieker , S. J. and Bensley , L. 1994 . Roles of living arrangements and grandmother social support in adolescent mothering and infant attachment . Development Psychology , 30 : 102 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens-Simon , C. and McAnarney , E. 1996 . “ Adolescent pregnancy ” . In Handbook of adolescent health risk behavior , Edited by: DiClemente , W. H. R. and Ponton , L. 313 – 332 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tarabulsy , G. , Bernier , A. , Provost , M. , Maranda , J. , Larose , S. Moss , E. 2005 . Another look inside the gap: Ecological contributions to the transmission of attachment in a sample of adolescent mother – infant dyads . Developmental Psychology , 41 : 212 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troutman , B. and Cutrona , C. 1990 . Nonpsychotic postpartum depression among adolescent mothers . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger , D. G. and Cooley , R. N. 1992 . Partner and grandmother contact in black and white teen parent families . Journal of Adolescent Health , 13 : 546 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikat , A. , Rimpela , A. , Kosunen , E. and Rimpela , M. 2002 . Socio-demographic differences in the occurrence of teenage pregnancies in Finland in 1987 – 1998: A follow up study . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 56 : 659 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , M. J. and Carlson , E. A. 1995 . Associations among adult attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and infant – mother attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers . Child Development , 66 : 69 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman , G. A. , Brunelli , S. A. and Rauh , V. A. 1990 . Social supports and living arrangements of adolescent and adult mothers . Journal of Adolescent Research , 5 : 54 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman , G. , Rauth , V. , Brunelli , S. , Garcia-Castro , M. and Necos , B. 1990 . Psychosocial attributes and life experiences of disadvantage minority mothers: Age and ethnic variations . Child Development , 61 : 566 – 580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuravin , S. and DiBlasio , F. 1996 . The correlates of child physical abuse and neglect by adolescent mothers . Journal of Family Violence , 3 : 149 – 166 .
   Google Scholar