Foster children’s attachment security and behavior problems in the first six months of placement: associations with foster parents’ stress and sensitivity

References

• Abidin, R. (1995). Parenting stress index (3rd ed.). Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Manual for the ASEBA preschool forms & profiles. Child behavior checklist for ages 1½-5. Language development survey. Caregiver-teacher report form. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth and Family.
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social development: ‘Socialization’ as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In P. M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99–135). London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behavior Checklist. (1998). Elternfragebogen über das Verhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen; deutsche Bearbeitung der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Einführung und Anleitung zur Handauswertung [Parent-questionnaire for the behavior of children and youths; German translation of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-18). Introduction and guide for the assessment]. Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik (KJFD).
   Google Scholar
• Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behavior Checklist. (2002). Elternfragebogen für Klein- und Vorschulkinder (CBCL/1 1⁄2-5) [Parent-questionnaire for toddlers and preschool children (CBCL/1 1/2-5)]. Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik (KJFD).
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Child abuse, child development, & social policy (pp. 7–73). Norwood: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol.1: Attachment. London: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Vol.2: Separation, anxiety and anger. London: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 1107–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, S. A. (2005). Infants in foster care: Relational and environmental factors affecting attachment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 23, 43–61. doi:10.1080/02646830512331330947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Schipper, J. C., Oosterman, M., & Schuengel, C. (2012). Temperament, disordered attachment, and parental sensitivity in foster care: Differential findings on attachment security for shy children. Attachment & Human Development, 14, 349–365. doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.691651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wolff, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier, M., & Lindhiem, O. (2006). This is my child: Differences among foster parents in commitment to their young children. Child Maltreatment, 11, 338–345. doi:10.1177/1077559506291263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier, M., Stovall, K. C., Albus, K., & Bates, B. (2001). Attachment for infants in foster care: The role of caregiver state of mind. Child Development, 72, 1467–1477. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, B., & Hiester, M. (1995). The long-term consequences of infant day-care and mother-infant attachment. Child Development, 66, 474–485. doi:10.2307/1131591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Boxhill, L., & Pinkava, M. (2008). Poverty and maternal responsiveness: The role of maternal stress and social resources. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 232–237. doi:10.1177/0165025408089272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Eidelman, A., & Rotenberg, N. (2004). Parenting stress, infant emotion regulation, maternal sensitivity, and the cognitive development of triplets: A model for parent and child influences in a unique ecology. Child Development, 75, 1774–1791. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00816.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann, K., Grossmann, E., Spangler, G., Suess, G., & Unzner, L. (1985). Maternal sensitivity and newborns’ orientation responses as related to quality of attachment in northern Germany. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 233–256. doi:10.2307/3333836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guajardo, N. R., Snyder, G., & Petersen, R. (2009). Relationships among parenting practices, parental stress, child behaviour, and children’s social-cognitive development. Infant and Child Development, 18, 37–60. doi:10.1002/icd.578
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutermuth Anthony, L., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers’ social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133–154. doi:10.1002/icd.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofecker Fallahpour, M., Nathell Benkert, T., Riecher-Rössler, A., & Stieglitz, R. -D. (2009). Elternschaft und Belastungserleben: Psychometrische Überprüfung des Parenting-Stress-Index (PSI) an einer deutschsprachigen Stichprobe [Parenthood and parenting stress: psychometric testing of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) in a German sample]. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie, 59, 224–233. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1067436
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jarvis, P. A., & Creasey, G. L. (1991). Parental Stress, Coping, and Attachment in Families With an 18-Month-Old Infant. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 383–395. doi:10.1016/0163-6383(91)90029-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindler, H. (2009). Verhaltensauffälligkeiten bei Pflegekindern. Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Pflegeeltern mit der Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in vier Gebietskörperschaften. Arbeitspapier [Behavior problems in foster children. Findings of a foster parents survey using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in four areas municipality]. München: Deutsches Jugendinstitut.
   Google Scholar
• Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., Gabler, S., & Köckeritz, C. (2011). Pflegekinder: Situation, Bindungen, Bedürfnisse und Entwicklungsverläufe [Foster children: Situation, attachments, needs and developmental pathways]. In H. Kindler, E. Helming, T. Meysen, & K. Jurczyk (Hrsg.), Handbuch Pflegekinderhilfe [Handbook of foster care service] (pp. 128–224). München: Deutsches Jugendinstitut e.V.
   Google Scholar
• Lakatos, K., Toth, I., Nemoda, Z., Ney, K., Sasvari-Szekely, M., & Gervai, J. (2000). Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene polymorphism is associated with attachment disorganization in infants. Molecular Psychiatry, 5, 633–637. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, K. A. (2014). Foster parents’ parenting characteristics and foster children’s pre-placement experiences: Influence on foster children’s psychosocial adjustment during the first year in foster placement (Inaugural-Dissertation). Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., Repacholi, B., McLeod, S., & Silva, E. (1991). Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlates and risk-related subtypes. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 377–396. doi:10.1017/S0954579400007586
   Google Scholar
• Mäntymaa, M., Puura, K., Luoma, I., Latva, R., Salmelin, R. K., & Tamminen, T. (2012). Predicting internalizing and externalizing problems at five years by child and parental factors in infancy and toddlerhood. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43, 153–170. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0255-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matas, L., Arend, R. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1978). Continuity of adaptation in the second year: The relationship between quality of attachment and later competence. Child Development, 49, 547–556. doi:10.2307/1128221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2012). Attachment security as a mechanism linking foster care placement to improved mental health outcomes in previously institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 46–55. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02437.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnis, H., Everett, K., Pelosi, A. J., Dunn, J., & Knapp, M. (2006). Children in foster care: Mental health, service use and costs. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 63–70. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0452-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, R. R., Litrownik, A. J., & Landsverk, J. A. (2000). Children and youth in foster care: Disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1363–1374. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00189-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1994). Procedures for Administering three Boxes. In National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Volume V: 33 Month Manual, 36 Month Manuals (pp. 1–31). Bethesda, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2003). Early child care and mother-child interaction from 36 months through first grade. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 345–370. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(03)00035-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niepel, K. (2008). Unterstützungs- und Entlastungsbedarf von Pflegefamilien nach § 33 SGB VIII [Service needs of foster families according to §33 SGB VIII]. Roßwein: HTWM Mittweida. Retrieved June 24, 2010 from: http://agsp.de/html/a101.html.
   Google Scholar
• Oosterman, M., & Schuengel, C. (2008). Attachment in foster children associated with caregivers’ sensitivity and behavioral problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 29, 609–623. doi:10.1002/imhj.20198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponciano, L. (2010). Attachment in foster care: The role of maternal sensitivity, adoption, and foster mother experience. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 27, 97–114. doi:10.1007/s10560-010-0192-y
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, L. R., Morris, A. S., Heller, S. S., Scheeringa, M. S., Boris, N. W., & Smyke, A. T. (2009). Relations between emotion regulation, parenting, and psychopathology in young maltreated children in out of home care. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 421–434. doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9246-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum, F., & Weisz, J. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 55–74. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeck, K., Poustka, F., Döpfner, M., Plück, J., Berner, W., Lehmkuhl, G., … & Lehmkuhl, U. (2001). Discriminant validity of the child behaviour checklist CBCL-4/18 in German samples. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 240–247. doi:10.1007/s007870170013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schölmerich, A., & Leyendecker, B. (1999). Deutsche Übersetzung des Attachment Behavior Q-set, Revision 3.2 [German translation of the Attachment Behavior Q-set, revision 3.2]. Ruhr Universität Bochum, Fakultät für Psychologie.
   Google Scholar
• Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., & Guthrie, D. (2010). Placement in foster care enhances quality of attachment among young institutionalized children. Child Development, 81, 212–223. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01390.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangler, G., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Grossmann, K. (1996). Social and individual determinants of infant attachment security and disorganization. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 127–139. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199622)17:2<127::AID-IMHJ3>3.0.CO;2-N
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangler, G., Johann, M., Ronai, Z., & Zimmermann, P. (2009). Genetic and environmental influence on attachment disorganization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 952–961. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02054.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Stams, G. J. J. M., Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2002). Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: The case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents. Developmental Psychology, 38, 806–821. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistisches Bundesamt. (2011). Statistiken der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe. Erzieherische Hilfe, Eingliederungshilfe für seelisch behinderte junge Menschen, Hilfe für junge Volljährige, Vollzeitpflege, 2010 [Statistics of children and youth services. Support in education and integration for psychologically handicapped young people, services for young adults, foster care, 2010]. Wiesbaden.
   Google Scholar
• Stein, E., Evans, B., Mazumdar, R., & Rae-Grant, N. (1996). The mental health of children in foster care: A comparison with community and clinical samples. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Dozier, M. (2004). Forming attachments in foster care: Infant attachment behaviors during the first 2 months of placement. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 253–271. doi:10.1017/S0954579404044505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suess, G. J., Grossmann, K. E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organisation of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 43–65. doi:10.1177/016502549201500103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarren-Sweeney, M. J., Hazell, P. L., & Carr, V. J. (2004). Are foster parents reliable informants of children’s behaviour problems?. Child: Care, Health and Development, 30, 167–175. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2003.00407.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrum, K. (2007). Ergebnisse der Pflegekinder-Fallerhebung des DJI. Arbeitspapier [Findings from the foster children survey of the German Youth Institute. Working paper]. München: Deutsches Jugendinstitut.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 31, 410–421. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van IJzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the Attachment Q-sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75, 1188–1213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00733.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, B., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1979). Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at twelve and eighteen months: Stability and change in families under Stress. Child Development, 50, 971–975. doi:10.2307/1129321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, E., & Deane, K. E. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 41–65. doi:10.2307/3333826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah, C. H., Egger, H.L., Smyke, A. T., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., & Guthrie, D. (2009). Institutional rearing and psychiatric disorders in Romanian preschool children. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 777–785. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar