Attachment-based family therapy for depressed and suicidal adolescents: theory, clinical model and empirical support

References

• Adam, K. S., Sheldon-Keller, A., & West, M. (1996). Attachment organization and history of suicidal behavior in clinical adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 264–272. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1982). Attachment: Retrospect and prospect. In C. M. Parkes & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), The place of attachment in human behavior (pp. 3–30). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. P. (2008). The attachment system in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 419–425). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J. P., Porter, M., McFarland, C., McElhaney, K. B., & Marsh, P. (2007). The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behavior. Child Development, 78(4), 1222–1239. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01062.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asarnow, J. R., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Spirito, A., Vitiello, B., & Brent, D. (2009). Treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant depression in adolescents: Predictors and moderators of treatment response. Journal of the Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(3), 330–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbe, R. P., Bridge, J., Birmaher, B., Kolko, D., & Brent, D. A. (2004). Suicidality and its relationship to treatment outcome in depressed adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 34(1), 44–55. doi:10.1521/suli.34.1.44.27768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beautrais, A. L., Joyce, P. R., & Mulder, R. T. (1996). Risk factors for serious suicide attempts among youths aged 13 through 24 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(9), 1174–1182. doi:10.1097/00004583-199609000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child development, 55(1), 83–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Kolko, D., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., Holder, D., & Ulloa, R. E. (2000). Clinical outcome after short-term psychotherapy for adolescents with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 29. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böszörményi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible loyalties, reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. London: Hogarth.
   Google Scholar
• Brent, D., Emslie, G., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., & Asarnow, J. R. (2008). Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: The TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 299(8), 901–913. doi:10.1001/jama.299.8.901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D., Kerr, M., Goldstein, C., Bozigar, J., Wartella, M., & Allen, M. (1989). An outbreak of suicide and suicidal behavior in high school. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescen Psychiatry, 28, 918–924. doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., & Kolko, D. J. (1991). Supportive relationship treatment manual (NST) (non directive therapy). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh. Unpublished manual.
   Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., McMakin, D. L., Kennard, B. D., Goldstein, T. R., Mayes, T. L., & Douaihy, A. B. (2013). Protecting adolescents from self-harm: A critical review of intervention studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(12), 1260–1271. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Goldstein, C. E., Kolko, D. J., Allan, M. J., Allman, C. J., & Zelenak, J. P. (1988). Risk factors for adolescent suicide: A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(6), 581. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800300079011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., Balach, L., & Roth, C. (1994). Familial risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(1), 52–58. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01485.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chango, J. M., McElhaney, K. B., & Allen, J. P. (2009). Attachment organization and patterns of conflict resolution in friendships predicting adolescents’ depressive symptoms over time. Attachment & Human Development, 11(4), 331–346. doi:10.1080/14616730903016961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1998). The development of depression in children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 53(2), 221–241. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, N. S. (1990). Conceptions of educational achievement. Educational Researcher, 19(3), 2–7. doi:10.3102/0013189X019003002
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2010). Marital conflict and children: An emotional security perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, J., Rohde, P., Simons, A., Silva, S., Vitiello, B., Kratochvil, C., & March, J. (2006). Predictors and moderators of acute outcome in the treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(12), 1427–1439. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000240838.78984.e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G., Creed, T., Gillham, J., Gallop, R., & Hamilton, J. L. (2012). Sexual trauma history does not moderate treatment outcome in attachment-based family therapy (ABFT) for adolescents with suicide ideation. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(4), 595–605. doi:10.1037/a0028414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. M., Diamond, G. S., Levy, S. A., Closs, C., Ladipo, T., & Siqueland, L. (2012). Attachment-based family therapy for suicidal lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents: A treatment development study and open trial with preliminary findings. Psychotherapy, 49(1), 62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Diamond, G. M., & Levy, S. A. (2013). Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Reis, B. F., Diamond, G. M., Siqueland, L., & Isaacs, L. (2002). Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: A treatment development study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(10), 1190–1196. doi:10.1097/00004583-200210000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Siqueland, L., & Diamond, G. M. (2003). Attachment-based family therapy: Programmic treatment development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(2), 107–127. doi:10.1023/A:1023782510786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Wintersteen, M. B., Brown, G. K., Diamond, G. M., Gallop, R., Shelef, K., & Levy, S. A. (2010). Attachment-based family therapy for suicidal adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents, protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343–363. doi:10.1023/A:1021637011732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehnvall, A., Parker, G., Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D., & Malhi, G. (2008). Perception of rejecting and neglectful parenting in childhood relates to lifetime suicide attempts for females–but not for males. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117(1), 50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeny, N. C., Silva, S. G., Reinecke, M., McNulty, S., Findling, R. L., Curry, J., … March, J. S. (2009). An exploratory analysis of the impact of family functioning on treatment for depression in teens. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 814–825. doi:10.1080/15374410903297148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J. (2000). Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood. Psychological Medicine, 30(1), 23–39. doi:10.1017/S003329179900135X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). Adult attachment interview. Berkeley: University of California. Unpublished interview.
   Google Scholar
• Gotlib, I. H. (1992). Interpersonal and cognitive aspects of depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(5), 149–154. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep11510319
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243–268. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, M. S., Petrie, K., Kleinman, M. H., & Wallenstein, S. (1994). Clustering of attempted suicide: New Zealand national data. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23(6), 1185–1189. doi:10.1093/ije/23.6.1185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. T., Siegel, J. M., & Leitch, C. J. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12(5), 373–386. doi:10.1007/BF02088721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunbaum, J. A., Kann, L., & Kinchen, SA. Williams, B., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., & Kolbe, L. (2002). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2001. Journal of School Health, 72(8), 313–328. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb07917.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, B., Minino, A., Kochanek, K., Strobino, D., & Guyeret, B. (2005). Annual summary of vital statistics. Pediatrics, 119, 345–360. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammad, T. A., Laughren, T. P., & Racoosin, J. A. (2006). Suicide rates in short-term randomized controlled trials of newer antidepressants. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(2), 203–207. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000203198.11453.95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C. (1992). Cognitive, life stress, and interpersonal approaches to a developmental psychopathology model of depression. Development and Psychopathology, 4(1), 189–206. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardt, J., Sidor, A., Nickel, R., Kappis, B., Petrak, P., & Egle, U. T. (2008). Childhood adversities and suicide attempts: A retrospective study. Journal of Family Violence, 23(8), 713–718. doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9196-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyert, D. L., & Xu, J. (2012). Deaths: Preliminary data for 2011. National Vital Statistics Report, 61(6), 1–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Israel, P., & Diamond, G. S. (2012). Feasibility of attachment-based family therapy for depressed clinic-referred Norwegian adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18(3), 334–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. (2009). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Joiner, T., Coyne, J. C., & Blalock, J. (1999). On the interpersonal nature of depression: Overview and synthesis. American Psychological Association, 423, 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Kobak, R., Cassidy, J., Lyons-Ruth, K., & Zir, Y. (2006). Attachment, stress and psychopathology: A developmental pathways model. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (Vol. 1, pp. 333–369). Cambridge: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kobak, R., Cole, H., Fleming, W., Ferenz-Gillies, R., & Gamble, W. (1993). Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem-solving: A control theory analysis. Child Development, 64, 231–245. doi:10.2307/1131448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobak, R., & Duemmler, S. (1994). Attachment and conversation: Toward a discourse analysis of adolescent and adult security. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Attachment processes in adulthood (Vol. 5, pp. 121–149). London: Jessica Kingsley.
   Google Scholar
• Kobak, R., Rosenthal, N. L., Zajac, K., & Madsen, S. D. (2007). Adolescent attachment hierarchies and the search for an adult pair-bond. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2007(117), 57–72. doi:10.1002/cd.194
   Google Scholar
• Kobak, R., Sudler, N., & Gamble, W. (1991). Attachment and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A developmental pathways analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 461–474. doi:10.1017/S095457940000763X
   Google Scholar
• Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59(1), 135–146. doi:10.2307/1130395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, L., & Derevensky, J. L. (1993). Stress and coping in adolescents: The effects of family configuration and environment on suicidality. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 9(2), 204–216. doi:10.1177/082957359400900208
   Google Scholar
• Liddle, H. A. (2002). Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent cannabis users. Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Series (Vol. 5). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, P., Johansson, L., & Karlsson, U. (2008). In the aftermath of teenage suicide: A qualitative study of the psychosocial consequences for the surviving family members. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 26. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1998). Adult Attachment Scoring and Classification System. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, P., McFarland, F. C., Allen, J. P., Boykin McElhaney, K., & Land, D. (2003). Attachment, autonomy, and multifinality in adolescent internalizing and risky behavioral symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 15(2), 451–467. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeown, R. E., Garrison, C. Z., Cuffe, S. P., Waller, J. L., Jackson, K. L., & Addy, C. L. (1998). Incidence and predictors of suicidal behaviors in a longitudinal sample of young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(6), 612–619. doi:10.1097/00004583-199806000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micucci, J. A. (1998). The adolescent in family therapy: Breaking the cycle of conflict and control. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Minuchin, S. (1974). Families & family therapy. Oxford: Harvard Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, G., & Diamond, G. (2008). Generating nonnegative attitudes among parents of depressed adolescents: The power of empathy, concern, and positive regard. Psychotherapy Research, 18(1), 97–107. doi:10.1080/10503300701408325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, G., Diamond, G. M., & Diamond, G. S. (2005). The relational reframe and parents’ problem constructions in attachment-based family therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(3), 226–235. doi:10.1080/10503300512331387780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health, Science Writing, Press, & Dissemination Branch. (2014). Depression in children and adolescents (Fact Sheet). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-children-and-adolescents/index.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (1997). Health impact of interpersonal violence 2: Medical and mental health outcomes. Behavioral Medicine, 23(2), 65–78. doi:10.1080/08964289709596730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restifo, K., & Bögels, S. (2009). Family processes in the development of youth depression: Translating the evidence to treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(4), 294–316. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotheram-Borus, M., Piacentini, J., Miller, S., Graae, F., Dunne, E., & Cantwell, C. (1996). Toward improving treatment adherence among adolescent suicide attempters. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1(1), 99–108. doi:10.1177/1359104596011009
   Google Scholar
• Rubenstein, J. L., Halton, A., Kasten, L., Rubin, C., & Stechler, G. (1998). Suicidal behavior in adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(2), 274–284. doi:10.1037/h0080336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubenstein, J. L., Heeren, T., Housman, D., Rubin, C., & Stechler, G. (1989). Suicidal behavior in “normal” adolescents: Risk and protective factors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 59–71. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01635.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzinger, S., Rosario, M., Feldman, R. S., & Ng-Mak, D. S. (2007). Adolescent suicidal behavior: Associations with preadolescent physical abuse and selected risk and protective factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 859–866. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeber, L., & Sorensen, E. (1998). Family relationships of depressed adolescents: A multimethod assessment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27(3), 268–277. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2703_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirito, A., Boergers, J., Donaldson, D., Bishop, D., & Lewander, W. (2002). An intervention trial to improve adherence to community treatment by adolescents after a suicide attempt. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(4), 435–442. doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirito, A., & Esposito-Smythers, C. (2006). Attempted and completed suicide in adolescence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 237–266. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (1990). Autonomy, conflict, and harmony in the family relationship. In S.S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 255–276). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sund, A., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(12), 1478–1485. doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrier, N., Taylor, K., & Gooding, P. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce suicide behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavior Modification, 32(1), 77–108. doi:10.1177/0145445507304728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) Team. (2004). Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for adolescents with depression study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292(7), 807–820. PMID: 15315995. doi:10.1001/jama.292.7.807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387–403. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197–215. doi:10.1037/a0025358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, B. M. (1997). Family risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 246–298. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, B. M., Silverman, M. A. C., & Martin, C. E. (2003). Family factors in youth suicidal behaviors. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(9), 1171–1191. doi:10.1177/0002764202250661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, E., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Posada, G., & Richters, J. (1991). Learning to love: Mechanisms and milestones. In M. Gunner & A. Sroufe (Eds.), Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 23: Self Processes and Development, pp. 217–255). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• West, M., Spreng, S. W., Rose, S. M., & Adam, K. S. (1999). Relationship between attachment-felt security and history of suicidal behaviours in clinical adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/La Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 44(6), 578–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(2), 180–196. doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., & Jin, S. (1996). Determinants of suicide ideation: A comparison of Chinese and American college students. Adolescence, 31(122), 451–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar