A developmental model of addictions: integrating neurobiological and psychodynamic theories through the lens of attachment

References

• Alvarez-Monjaras, M., McMahon, T., & Suchman, N. (2017). Does maternal reflective functioning mediate associations between representations of caregiving with maternal sensitivity in a high-risk sample? Attachment and Human Development. doi:10.1037/pap0000166
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ammerman, R., Kolko, D., Kirisci, L., Blackson, T., & Dawes, M. (1999). Child abuse potential in parents with histories of substance use disorder. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23(12), 1225–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostaras, S., Schallert, T., & Robinson, T. (2002). Memory processes governing amphetamine-induced psychomotor sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(6),703–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailly, L. (2009). Lacan: A beginners guide. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bazan, A., & Detandt, S. (2013). On the physiology of jouissance: Interpreting the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward functions from a psychoanalytic perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(709), 1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bechara, A. (2003). Risky business: Emotion, decision-making, and addiction. Journal of Gambling Studies, 19, 23–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gedeman, H. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics and normal: A systematic study of conceptual, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. New York, NY: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Beres, D., & Joseph, E. (1970). The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 51, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner, A., Carlson, E., & Whipple, N. (2010). From external regulation to self-regulation: Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning. Child Development, 81(1), 326–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bion, W. (1962). Learning from experience. London, England: Karnak.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, K., Sheridan, P., Wood, R., Braverman, E., Chen, T., Cull, J., & Cummings, D. (1996). The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 89, 396–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouton, M., & Nelson, J. (1998). The role of context in classical conditioning: Some implications for cognitive behavior therapy. In W. O'Donohue (Ed.) Learning and behavior therapy. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, J., & Narayan, M. (1998). The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle: Implications for childhood development and aging. Development and Psychopathology, 10(04), 871–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buisman-Pijlman, F., Sumracki, N., Gordon, J., Hull, P., Carter, S., & Tops, M. (2014). Individual differences underlying susceptibility to addiction: Role of for the endogenous oxytocin system. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 119, 22–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11(1),1–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R., Vohs, K., & Tice, D. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6),351–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil, C., Walton, E., Smith, R., Viding, E., McCrory, E., Relton, C., … Barker, B. (2016). DNA methylation and substance-use risk: A prospective, genome-wide study spanning gestation to adolescence. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil, C., Walton, E., & Viding, E. (2015). DNA methylation, substance use and addiction: A systematic review of recent animal and human research from a developmental perspective. Current Addiction Reports, 2(4), 331–346.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, R., Taylor, J., & Potenza, M. (2003). Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1041–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaplin, T., & Sinha, R. (2013). Stress and parental addiction. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Colvis, C., Pollock, J., Goodman, R., Impey, S., Dunn, J., Mandel, G., … Nestler, E. (2005). Epigenetic mechanisms and gene networks in the nervous system. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(45), 10389–10397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden, P. (2015). Danger, development and adaptation. Hampshire, England: Waterside Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, M. (2003). The role of GABA-A receptors in mediating the effects of alcohol in the central nervous system. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 28(4), 263–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawe, S., Harnett, P., Straiger, P., & Dadds, M. (2000). Parent training skills and methadone maintenance: Clinical opportunities and challenges. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 60, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers, I., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G., & Provost, M. (2010). Mind-mindedness in adult and adolescent mothers: Relations to maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(6), 529–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, L., Bilbao, A., Laucht, M., Henriksson, R., Yakovleva, T., Ridinger, M., … Schumann, G. (2011). Effects of the circadian rhythm gene period 1 (per1) on psychosocial stress-induced alcohol drinking. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(10), 1090–10981090-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducci, F., & Goldman, D. (2012). Genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(2), 495–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrman, R., Robbins, S., Bromwell, M., Lankford, M., Monterosso, J., & O’Brien, C. (2002). Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67(2), 185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiden, R., Schuetze, P., & Coles, C. (2011). Maternal cocaine use and mother-infant interactions: Direct and moderated associations. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 33, 120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Dolan, R., & Frith, C. (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 308–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa, M., Beckwith, L., Howard, J., Tyler, R., & Swanson, K. (2001). Maternal psychopathology and attachment in toddlers of heavy cocaine-using mothers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(3), 316–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt, B. (2006). From the dark side to the bright side of drug addiction. Science, 314, 59–60.
   Google Scholar
• Everitt, B., & Robbins, T. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1481–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoch, M. (2012). The influence of gene–environment interactions on the development of alcoholism and drug dependence. Current psychiatry reports, 14(2),150–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrow, C., & Blisset, J. (2014). Maternal mind-mindedness during infancy, general parenting sensitivity and observed child feeding behavior: A longitudinal study. Attachment and Human Development, 16(3), 230–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007). Evidence for a neuroendocrinological foundation of human affiliation: Plasma oxytocin levels across pregnancy and the postpartum period predict mother-infant bonding. Psychological Science, 18(11), 965–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, B. (1999). A clinical introduction to Lacanian psychoanalysis. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2008). Attachment, trauma and psychoanalysis. In E. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to mind: Infant research, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Other Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2008). Mentalization-based treatment of borderline personality disorder. In E. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to mind: Infant research, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Other Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2004). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. London, England: Karnac.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G., & Higgitt, A. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 201–218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in selforganization. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 679–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2005). Bridging the transmission gap: An end to an important mystery of attachment research? Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R., Collier, K., & Parillo, K. (2002). Early life sexual abuse as a risk factor for crack cocaine use in a sample of community-recruited women at high risk for illicit drug use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(1), 109–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, A. (1937). The mechanisms of defence. In A. Freud (Ed.), The ego and the mechanisms of defence. London, England: Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1915). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 109–140). London, England:The Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psychoanalysis.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 237-258), London, England:The Hogarth Press & The Institute of Psychoanalysis.
   Google Scholar
• Gatt, J., Williams, L., Schofield, P., Dobson-Stone, C., Paul, R., Grieve, S., … Nemeroff, E. (2010). Impact of the HTR3A gene with early life trauma on emotional brain networks and depressed mood. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 752–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview (unpublished manuscript). department of psychology. University of California, Berkeley.
   Google Scholar
• Goldwyn, R., & Hugh-Jones, S. (2011). Using the Adult Attachment Interview to understand reactive attachment disorder: Findings from a 10-case adolescent sample. Attachment & Human Development, 13, 169–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales, R., & Jaworski, J. (1997). Alcohol and glutamate. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21(2), 120–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graff-Guerrero, A., De La Fuente-Sandoval, C., Cameran, B., Apiquián, R., Fresán, A., Aguilar, A., … Nicolini, H. (2005). Frontal and limbic metabolic differences in subjects selected according to genetic variation of the SLC6A4 gene polymorphism. NeuroImage, 25, 1197–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, D., Oroszi, G., & Ducci, F. (2005). The genetics of addictions: uncovering the genes. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6(7), 521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Håkansson, U., Söderström, K., Watten, R., Skårderud, F., & Øie, M. (2018). Parental reflective functioning and executive functioning in mothers with substance use disorder. Attachment & Human Development, 20(2), 181–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans, S., Bernstein, V., & Henson, L. (1999). The role of psychopathology in the parenting of drug-dependent women. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 957–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huth-Bocks, A., Muzik, M., Beeghly, M., Earls, L., & Stacks, A. (2014). Secure base scripts are associated with maternal parenting behavior across contexts and reflective functioning among trauma-exposed mothers. Attachment and Human Development, 16(6), 535–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Schmeichel, B., & Baddeley, A. (2012). Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(3),174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isosävi, S., Flykt, M., Belt, R., Posa, T., Kuittinen, S., Puura, K., & Punamäki, R. (2016). Attachment representations among substance-abusing women in transition to motherhood: Implications for prenatal emotions and mother–Infant interaction. Attachment & Human Development, 18(4), 391–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns, J., Lubin, D., Walker, C., Meter, K., & Mason, G. (1997). Chronic gestational cocaine treatment decreases oxytocin levels in the medial preoptic area, ventral tegmental area and hippocampus in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neuropeptides, 31(5), 439–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. (2013). Addiction and will. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(545), 1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaltenbach, K. (2013). Biopsychosocial characteistics of parenting women with substance use disorders. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O., Diamond, D., Yeomans, F., Clarkin, J., & Levy, K. (2008). Mentalization and attachment in borderline patients in transference focused psychotherapy. In E. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to mind: Infant research, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Other Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khantzian, E. (1985). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(11), 1259–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, M. (1930). The importance of symbol-formation in the development of the ego. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 11, 24–39.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21, 125–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 27, 99–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1979). Four basic concepts in self psychology. In P. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self: selected writings of heinz kohut (pp. 1950–1978). Madison, WI: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koob, G., & LeMoal, M. (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(2), 97–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob, G., & LeMoal, M. (2008). Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3113–3123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren-Karie, N., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Joels, T. (2003). Absence of Attachment Representations (AAR) in the adult years: The emergence of a new AAI classification in catastrophically traumatized Holocaust child survivors. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 381–397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krystal, H. (1978). Self representation and the capacity for self care. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 6, 209–246.
   Google Scholar
• Lacan, J. (1964). Book XI: The four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Lacan, J. (1969). D’un Autre à l’autre. In J. Miller (Ed.), Le séminaire de Jacques Lacan: Livre XVI. Paris, France: Seuil.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. (1997). Basic helix-loop-helix genes in neural development. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 7, 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Fan, J., Guan, Y., … Fang, Y. (2013). The role of BDNF, NTRK2 gene and their interaction in development of treatment-resistant depression: Data from multicenter, prospective, longitudinal clinic practice. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(1), 8–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Lv, K., Li, Z., Yu, A., Chen, J., & Teng, J. (2012). PACSIN1, a Tau-interacting protein, regulates axonal elongation and branching by facilitating microtubule instability. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(47), 39911–39924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loose, R. (2002). A Lacanian approach to clinical diagnosis and addiction. In J. Glynos & Y. Stavrakakis (Eds.), Lacan and Science. London: Karnac.
   Google Scholar
• Lubman, D. I., Peters, L. A., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Deakin, J. F. W. (2000). Attentional bias for drug cues in opiate dependence. Psychological Medicine, 30(1), 169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyden, H., & Suchman, N. (2013). Transmission of parenting models at the level of representation: Implications for mother-child dyads, affected by maternal substance abuse. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, S., & Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother–Infant communication and infant disorganization. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, E., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Understanding addiction as a developmental disorder: An argument for a developmentally informed multilevel approach. Current Addictions Report, 2, 326–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medrano, M., Hatch, J., Zule, W., & Desmond, D. (2002). Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(1), 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milby, J., Sims, M., Khuder, S., Schumacher, J., & Huggins, N. (1996). Psychiatric comorbidity: Prevalence in methadone maintenance treatment. American Journal of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 22(1), 95–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muschamp, J., Regina, M., Hull, E., Winter, J., & Rabin, R. (2004). Lysergic acid diethylamide and [–]-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine increase extracellular glutamate in rat prefrontal cortex. Brain Research, 1023, 134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (2015, June). National trends [online article]. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nationwide-trends.
   Google Scholar
• Neger, E., & Prinz, R. (2015). Interventions to address parenting and parental substance abuse: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, 71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler, E. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction? Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1445–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler, E. (2014). Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology, 76, 259–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New, A., Hazlett, E., Buchsbaum, M., Goodman, M., Reynolds, D., Mitropoulou, V., … Siever, L. (2002). Blunted prefrontal cortical 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in impulsive aggression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(7), 621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehaus, J., Murali, M., & Kauer, J. (2010). Drugs of abuse and stress impair LTP at inhibitory synapses in the ventral tegmental area. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32(1), 108–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocjar, C., & Panksepp, J. (2002). Chronic intermittent amphetamine pretreatment enhances future appetitive behavior for drug- and natural-reward: Interaction with environmental variables. Behavioral Brain Research, 128(2), 189–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt, D., Lingford-Hughes, A., Erritzoe, D., & Stokes, P. (2015). The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows. National Review of Neuroscience, 16(5), 305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, M., Kogan, N., & Findlay, R. (2006). Prenatal alcohol exposure and attachment behavior in children. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(10), 1592–1602.
   Google Scholar
• Pajulo, M., & Kalland, M. (2013). Mentalizing-based intervention with mother-baby dyads. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J. (1998). SEEKING systems and anticipatory states in the nervous system. In J. Panksepp (Ed.), Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Potenza, M. (2008). The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: An overview and new findings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3181–3189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza, M. (2013). How central is dopamine to pathological gambling or gambling disorder? Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza, M., Leung, H., Blumberg, H., Peterson, B., Fulbright, R., Lacadie, C., … Gore, J. (2003a). An fMRI Stroop study of ventromedial prefrontal cortical function in pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1990–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potenza, M., Steinberg, M., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R., Lacadie, C., Wilber, M., … Wexler, B. (2003b). Gambling urges in pathological gamblers: An fMRI study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 828–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puetz, V., & McCrory, E. (2015). Exploring the relationship between childhood maltreatment and addiction: a review of the neurocognitive evidence. Current Addictions Report, 2, 318–325.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, L., Bujarski, S., MacKillop, J., Courtney, K., Monti, P., & Miotto, K. (2014). Subjective response to alcohol among alcohol dependent individuals: Effects of the Mu-Opioid Receptor (OPRM1) gene and alcoholism severity. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 47(1), E116–E124.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, T., & Everitt, B. (1992). Functions of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Seminars in Neuroscience, 4, 119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, T., & Everitt, B. (1996). Neurobehavioral Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 228–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, T., Everitt, B., & Nutt, D. (2008). Introduction. the neurobiology of drug addiction: New vistas. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3109–3111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Review, 18, 247–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2001). Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction, 9396, 103–114.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2004). Incentive-sensitization and drug ‘wanting’. Psychopharmacology, 171, 352–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2008). The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 363(1507), 3137–3146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodning, C., Beckwith, L., & Howard, J. (2008). Characteristics of attachment organization and play organization in prenatally drug-exposed toddlers. Development and Psychology, 1(4), 277–289.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., Williams, S., Moy, S., Mayes, L. C., & Johns, J. (2011). Disruption of maternal parenting circuitry by addictive process: Rewiring of reward and stress systems. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., Potenza, M., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). The neurobiology of addiction and attachment. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2017). Parenting and addiction: Neurobiological insights. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., Booth, C. R., Crowley, M. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2016). Investigating the relationship between working memory and emotion regulation in mothers. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 28(1), 52–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., Byrne, S. P., Crowley, M. J., Bornstein, J., Bridgett, D. J., & Mayes, L. C. (2018). Executive functioning predicts reflective functioning in mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(3), 944–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo, S., & Flykt, M. (2013). The impact of parental addiction on child development. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schindler, A., & Bröning, S. (2015). A review on attachment and adolescent substance abuse: empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Substance Abuse, 36, 304–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, H. (1998). ‘The importance of symbol-formation in the development of the ego’: In context. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 24, 349–357.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, R. (2001). How does stress increase the risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology, 158, 343–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqveland, T., Haabrekke, K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Moe, V. (2014). Patterns of mother-infant interaction from 3 to 12 months among dyads with substance abuse and psychiatric problems. Infant Behavior and Development, 37, 772–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqveland, T., & Moe, V. (2014). Longitudinal development of mother-infant interaction during the first year of life among mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric problems and their infants. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 408–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 269–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 283–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderström, K., & Skarderud Skårderud, F. (2009). Minding the baby: Mentalization-based treatment in families with parental substance use disorder: Theoretical framework. Nordic Psychology, 61(3), 47–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolowsky Sokolowski, M., Hans, S., Bernstein, V., & Cox, S. (2007). Mothers’ representations of their infants and parenting behavior: Associations with personal and social-contextual variables in a high-risk sample. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28(3), 344–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, R., & Corbit, J. (1974). An opponent-process theory of motivation:. I. temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review, 81(2), 119–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerville, L., Jones, R., & Casey, B. (2010). A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues. Brain and Cognition, 72(1), 124–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speranza, A., Nicolais, G., Vergano, C., & Dazzi, N. (2017). Emerging criteria for the low-coherence cannot classify category. Attachment & Human Development, 19(6), 613–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacks, A., Muzik, M., Wong, K., Beeghly, M., Huth-Bocks, A., Irwin, J., & Rosenblum, K. (2014). Maternal reflective functioning among mothers with childhood maltreatment histories: Links to sensitive parenting and infant attachment security. Attachment and Human Development, 16(5), 515–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, D. (1983). The early development of schemas of self, other, and “self with other”. In J. Lichtenberg & S. Kaplan (Eds.), Reflections of self psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strathearn, L. (2011). Maternal neglect: Oxytocin, dopamine and the neurobiology of attachment. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23, 1054–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Ordway, M., & Bers, S. (2013). Mothering from the inside-out: A mentalization-based individual therapy for mothers with substance-use disorders. In N. Suchman, M. Pajulo, & L. C. Mayes (Eds.), Parenting and substance abuse: Developmental approaches to intervention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Castiglioni, N., Legow, N., & Mayes, L. C. (2008). The mothers and toddlers program: Preliminary findings from an attachment-based parenting intervention for substance abusing mothers. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25, 499–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Leigh, D., & Borelli, J. (2010). Reflective functioning in mothers with drug use disorders: Implications for dyadic interactions with infants and toddlers. Attachment and Human Development, 12(6), 567–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., McMahon, T., Rounsaville, B., & Mayes, L. C. (2011). The mothers and toddlers program, an attachment-based parenting intervention for substance-using women: Results at 6-week follow-up in a randomized clinical pilot. Infant Mental Health Journal, 32(4), 427–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., DeCoste, C., Rosenberger, P., & McMahon, T. (2012). Attachment-based intervention for substance-using mothers: A preliminary test of the proposed mechanisms of change. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33(4), 360–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., & Luthar, S. (2000). Maternal addiction, child maladjustment, and socio-demographic risks: Implications for parenting behaviors. Addiction, 95(9), 1417–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., Mayes, L. C., Conti, J., Slade, A., & Rounsaville, B. (2004). Rethinking parenting interventions for drug-dependent mothers: From behavior management to fostering emotional bonds. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, N., McMahon, T., Zhang, H., Mayes, L. C., & Luthar, S. (2006). Substance-abusing mothers and disruption disruptions in child custody: An attachment perspective. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 30, 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman, S., & Sussman, A. (2011). Considering the definition of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4025–4038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, K., Beckwith, L., & Howard, J. (2000). Intrusive caregiving and quality of attachment in prenatally drug- exposed toddlers and their primary caregivers. Attachment and & Human Development, 2(2), 130–148.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanabe, J., Thompson, L., Claus, E., Dalwani, M., Hutchison, K., & Banich, M. (2007). Prefrontal cortex activity is reduced in gambling and nongambling substance users during decision-making. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 1276–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanda, G., Pontieri, F., & DiChiara, G. (1997). Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common µ1 mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science, 276, 2048–2050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tops, M., Koole, S., IJzerman, H., & Buisman-Pijlman, F. (2014). Why social attachment and oxytocin protect against addiction and stress: Insights from the dynamics between ventral and dorsal corticostriatal systems. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 119, 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrado, M., Ouakinin, S., & Bacelar-Nicolau, L. (2013). Alexythimia alexithymia, emotional awareness, and perceived dysfunctional parental behaviors in heroin dependents. International Journal of Mental Health and Addictions, 11, 703–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townshend, J., & Duka, T. (2001). Attentional bias associated with alcohol cues: Differences between heavy and occasional social drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 157(1), 67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow, N., Wang, G., Fowler, J., Tomasi, D., & Telang, F. (2011). Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15037–15042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waska, R. (2006). Addictions and the quest to control the object. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 66(1), 43–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiseman, H., Hashmonay, R., & Harel, J. (2006). Interplay of parent-child representations from a psychoanalytic perspective: An analysis of two mother-father-child triads. In O. Mayseless (Ed.), Parenting representations; theory, research and clinical implications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, C., Mill, J., & Fernandes, C. (2011). Drugs and addiction: An introduction to epigenetics. Addiction, 106(3), 480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Patchev, A., Daniel, G., Almeida, O., & Spengler, D. (2014). Early-life stress reduces DNA methylation of the pomc gene in male mice. Endocrinology, 155(5), 1751–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young-Wolff, K., Enoch, M., & Prescott, C. (2011). The influence of gene–environment interactions on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(5),800–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeanah, C., Boris, N., & Lieberman, A. (2000). Attachment disorders of infancy. In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.) Handbook of developmental psychopathology. Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar