Disorganized attachment representations, externalizing behavior problems, and socioemotional competences in early school-age

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Arlington, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Annerbäck, E. M., Sahlqvist, L., Svedin, C. G., Wingren, G., & Gustafsson, P. A. (2012). Child physical abuse and concurrence of other types of child abuse in Sweden: Associations with health and risk behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(7), 585–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2002). Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(2), 242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., Carlson, S. M., & Lalonde, G. (2015). A secure base from which to regulate: Attachment security in toddlerhood as a predictor of executive functioning at school entry. Developmental Psychology, 51(9), 1177–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Matte‐Gagné, C., Bélanger, M. È., & Whipple, N. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, 85(5), 1852–1865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlin, G., Eninger, L., Brocki, K. C., & Thorell, L. B. (2012). Disorganized attachment and inhibitory capacity: Predicting externalizing problem behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(3), 449–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1944). Fourty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home life (I &II). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25, 154–178 & 107–127.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: vol 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic books.
   Google Scholar
• Broberg, A., Wiberg, C., & Karlsson, S. (2000). Separations Ångest Testet (SAT) [The Separation Anxiety Test (SAT)]. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Goteborg University, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., Forslund, T., Frick, M., & Bohlin, G. (2017). Do individual differences in early affective and cognitive self-regulation predict developmental change in ADHD symptoms from preschool to adolescence? Journal of Attention Disorders. doi:10.1177/1087054717693372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki, K. C., Nyberg, L., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007). Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD: Relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(10), 1033–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colle, L., & Del Giudice, M. (2011). Patterns of attachment and emotional competence in middle childhood. Social Development, 20(1), 51–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadds, M. R., Cauchi, A. J., Wimalaweera, S., Hawes, D. J., & Brennan, J. (2012). Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Psychiatry Research, 199(3), 201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadds, M. R., Jambrak, J., Pasalich, D., Hawes, D. J., & Brennan, J. (2011). Im-paired attention to the eyes of attachment figures and the developmental origins of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(3), 238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deault, L. C. (2010). A systematic review of parenting in relation to the development of comorbidities and functional impairments in children with attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(2), 168–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeOliveira, C. A., Bailey, H. N., Moran, G., & Pederson, D. R. (2004). Emotion socialization as a framework for understanding the development of disorganized attachment. Social Development, 13(3), 437–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Thomas, J., & Anastopoulos, A. D. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 19–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Development, 75(2), 334–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, R. P., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta‐analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. London; Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forslund, T., & Granqvist, P. (2017). Effects of attachment quality and organization. In T. Shackelford & V. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 1–12). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_1964-1
   Google Scholar
• Forslund, T., Brocki, K. C., Bohlin, G., Granqvist, P., & Eninger, L. (2016). The heterogeneity of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems: Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 371–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslund, T., Kenward, B., Granqvist, P., Gredebäck, G., & Brocki, K. C. (2017). Diminished ability to identify facial emotional expressions in children with disorganized attachment representations. Developmental Science, 20(6), 1–14. doi:10.1111/desc.12465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., & Solomon, J. (2000). Six-year attachment doll play classification system. Unpublished classification manual. Oakland: Mills College.
   Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Hesse, E., Fransson, M., Main, M., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2016). Prior participation in the strange situation and overstress jointly facilitate disorganized behaviours: Implications for theory, research and practice. Attachment & Human Development, 18(3), 235–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van Ijzendoorn, M., … Steele, H. (2017). Disorganized attachment in infancy: A review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers. Attachment & Human Development, 19(6), 534–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the early life course: Meta‐analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 70–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS (version 3.0). Retrieved from http://www.processmacro.org/download.html
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. C., Dweck, C. S., Chen, F. S., Stern, H. L., Ok, S. J., & Barth, M. (2010). At the intersection of social and cognitive development: Internal working models of attachment in infancy. Cognitive Science, 34(5), 807–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, N. (1987). Individual differences in 6-years olds’ thoughts about separation: Predicted from attachment to mother at age 1 (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Leppänen, J. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2008). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 37–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber, R., Burke, J., & Pardini, D. A. (2009). Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathic features. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(1–2), 133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The karolinska directed emotional faces (KDEF). CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Section, Karolinska Institutet, 91, 630.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K. (2007). The interface between attachment and intersubjectivity: Perspective from the longitudinal study of disorganized attachment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 26(4), 595–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (2016). Attachment disorganization from infancy to adulthood: Neurobiological correlates, parenting contexts, and pathways to disorder. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (Vol. 3, pp. 667–695). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons‐Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile‐aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64(2), 572–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magai, C. (1999). Affect, imagery, and attachment: Working models of interpersonal affect and the socialization of emotion. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 787–802). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern: Procedures, findings, and implications for the classification of behavior. In T. B. Brazelton & M. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation series on mental health and development. Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). Chicago, IL, US: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., Hesse, E., & Kaplan, N. (2005). Predictability of attachment behavior and representational processes at 1, 6, and 19 years of age. In K. E. Grossman, K. Grossman, & E. Waters (Eds.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (pp. 245–304). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & George, C. (1985). Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates: A study in the day care setting. Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 407–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, E., Cyr, C., & Dubois-Comtois, K. (2004). Attachment at early school age and developmental risk: Examining family contexts and behavior problems of controlling-caregiving, controlling-punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 519–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulson, M. C., Shutts, K., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., Spelke, E. S., & Nelson, C. A. (2015). Effects of early institutionalization on the development of emotion processing: A case for relative sparing? Developmental Science, 18(2), 298–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2006). What causes ADHD?: Understanding what goes wrong and why. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2017). Annual research review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 361–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padrón, E., Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (2014). Frightened versus not frightened disorganized infant attachment: Newborn characteristics and maternal caregiving. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(2), 201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltola, M. J., Forssman, L., Puura, K., IJzendoorn, M. H., & Leppänen, J. M. (2015). Attention to faces expressing negative emotion at 7 months predicts attachment security at 14 months. Child Development, 86(5), 1321–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltola, M. J., Yrttiaho, S., & Leppänen, J. M. (2018) Infants’ attention bias to faces as an early marker of social development. Developmenal Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12687
   Google Scholar
• Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014). ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 434–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 679–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., Klorman, R., Thatcher, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). P3b reflects maltreated children’s reactions to facial displays of emotion. Psychophysiology, 38(2), 267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., Messner, M., Kistler, D. J., & Cohn, J. F. (2009). Development of perceptual expertise in emotion recognition. Cognition, 110(2), 242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisz, S., Duschinsky, R., & Siegel, D. J. (2017). Disorganized attachment and defense: Exploring John Bowlby’s unpublished reflections. Attachment & Human Development, 20(2), 107–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, B. A., Vinton, D. T., Roberson-Nay, R., Hommer, R. E., Berghorst, L. H., McClure, E. B., … Leibenluft, E. (2006). Limbic hyperactivation during processing of neutral facial expressions in children with bipolar disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(23), 8900–8905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydell, A. M., Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and adaptation among 5-to 8-year-old children. Emotion, 3(1), 30–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salari, R., Bohlin, G., Rydell, A. M., & Thorell, L. B. (2017). Neuropsychological functioning and attachment representations in early school age as predictors of ADHD symptoms in late adolescence. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 48(3), 370–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholtens, S., Rydell, A. M., Bohlin, G., & Thorell, L. B. (2014). ADHD symptoms and attachment representations: Considering the role of conduct problems, cognitive deficits and narrative responses in non-attachment-related story stems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 1033–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, J., & George, C. (2011). The disorganized attachment-caregiving attachment system. Dysregulation of adaptive processes at multiple levels. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Disorganized attachment and caregiving (pp. 3–24). New York; London: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spangler, G., Fremmer‐Bombik, E., & Grossmann, K. (1996). Social and individual determinants of infant attachment security and disorganization. Infant Mental Health Journal: Official Publication of the World Association for Infant Mental Health, 17(2), 127–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sroufe, L. A. (2016). The place of attachment in development. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (Vol. 3, pp. 997–1011). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, H., Steele, M., & Croft, C. (2008). Early attachment predicts emotion recognition at 6 and 11 years old. Attachment & Human Development, 10(4), 379–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storebø, O. J., Rasmussen, P. D., & Simonsen, E. (2016). Association between insecure attachment and ADHD: Environmental mediating factors. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(2), 187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorell, L. B., Rydell, A. M., & Bohlin, G. (2012). Parent–Child attachment and executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development, 14(5), 517–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Dijkstra, J., & Bus, A. G. (1995). Attachment, intelligence, and language: A meta‐analysis. Social Development, 4(2), 115–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar