References
- Agishtein, P., & Brumbaugh, C. (2013). Cultural variation in adult attachment: The impact of ethnicity, collectivism, and country of origin. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 7(4), 384–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099181
- Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Anderson, A. M. (1996). Factors influencing the father-infant relationship. Journal of Family Nursing, 2(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/107484079600200306
- Anderson, R. E., Hussain, S. B., Wilson, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Williams, J. L. (2015). Pathways to pain: Racial discrimination and relations between parental functioning and child psychosocial well-being. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(6), 491–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798414548511
- Arbona, C., & Power, T. G. (2003). Parental attachment, self-esteem, and antisocial behaviors among African American, European American, and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.1.40
- Belsky, J., & Fearon, R. M. P. (2008). Precursors of attachment security. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 295–316). The Guilford Press.
- Black, M. M., Dubowitz, H., Starr, J., & Raymond, H. (1999). African American fathers in low income, urban families: Development, behavior, and home environment of their three-year-old children. Child Development, 70(4), 967–978. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00070
- Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
- Bretherton, I. (1991). The roots and growing points of attachment theory. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 9–32). Tavistock/Routledge.
- Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D., & McCrary, C. (1994). Religion’s role in organizing family relationships: Family process in rural, two-parent African American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(4), 878–888. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/353600
- Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The bioecological model of human development. In Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 793–828). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Brown, G. L., Kogan, S. M., & Kim, J. (2018). From fathers to sons: The intergenerational transmission of parenting behavior among African American young men. Family Process, 57(1), 165–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12273
- Cabrera, N. J., Karberg, E., & Kuhns, C. (2017). Minority fathers and children’s positive development in the United States. In N. J. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth (pp. 197–216). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6_12
- Carlson, M. J., McLanahan, S. S., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2008, May 1). Coparenting and nonresident fathers’ involvement with young children after a nonmarital birth. Demography, 45(2), 461–488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0007
- Coates, E. E., & Phares, V. (2014). Predictors of paternal involvement among nonresidential, Black fathers from low-income neighborhoods. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(2), 138–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032790
- Coltrane, S., Parke, R. D., & Adams, M. (2004). Complexity of father involvement in low-income Mexican American families. Family Relations, 53(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00008.x
- Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Jr., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65(2), 541–561. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00768.x
- Connor, M. E. (2011). African descended fathers: Historical considerations. In M. E. Connor & J. L. White (Eds.), Black fathers: An invisible presence in America (2nd ed., pp. 3–19). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
- Contreras, J. M., Mangelsdorf, S. C., Rhodes, J. E., Diener, M. L., & Brunson, L. (1999, October 1). Parent-child interaction among latina adolescent mothers: The role of family and social support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(4), 417–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0904_3
- Cross-Barnet, C., & McDonald, K. B. (2015). It’s all about the children: An intersectional perspective on parenting values among Black married couples in the United States. Societies, 5(4), 855–871. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/soc5040855
- Downer, J. T., & Mendez, J. L. (2005, July 1). African American father involvement and preschool children’s school readiness. Early Education and Development, 16(3), 317–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1603_2
- Dunbar, A. S., Perry, N. B., Cavanaugh, A. M., & Leerkes, E. M. (2015). African American parents’ racial and emotion socialization profiles and young adults’ emotional adaptation. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 21(3), 409–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037546
- Feeney, J. A. (2002, April 1). Early parenting and parental attachment: Links with offspring’s attachment and perceptions of social support. Journal of Family Studies, 8(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.8.1.5
- Forehand, R., & Nousiainen, S. (1993). Maternal and paternal parenting: Critical dimensions in adolescent functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 213–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.213
- Furstenberg, F. F., & Weiss, C. C. (2000, May 23). Intergenerational transmission of fathering roles in at risk families. Marriage & Family Review, 29(2–3), 181–201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v29n02_11
- Gabel, S. (1992). Behavioral problems in sons of incarcerated or otherwise absent fathers: The issue of separation. Family Process, 31(3), 303–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00303.x
- Gadsden, V. L., & Smith, R. R. (1994). African American males and fatherhood: Issues in research and practice. The Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 634–648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2967300
- García Coll, C., Crnic, K., Lamberty, G., Wasik, B. H., Jenkins, R., García, H. V., & McAdoo, H. P. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01834.x
- Gottlieb, G. (2007). Probabilistic epigenesis. Developmental Science, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00556.x
- Granic, I., & Hollenstein, T. (2003). Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15(3), 641–669. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579403000324
- Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child–father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11(3), 301–337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00202
- Harrison-Hale, A. O., McLoyd, V. C., & Smedley, B. (2004). Racial and ethnic status: Risk and protective processes among African American families. In K. I. Maton, C. J. Schellenbach, B. J. Leadbeater, & A. L. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families, and communities: Strengths-based research and policy (pp. 269–283). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/10660-015
- Hazen, N. L., McFarland, L., Jacobvitz, D., & Boyd‐Soisson, E. (2010, January 1). Fathers’ frightening behaviours and sensitivity with infants: Relations with fathers’ attachment representations, father–infant attachment, and children’s later outcomes. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1–2), 51–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903414703
- Heard-Garris, N. J., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M. C., & Dominguez, T. P. (2018). Transmitting trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Social Science & Medicine, 199(c), 230–240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018
- Hennigar, A., Cabrera, N. J., & Chen, Y. (2020). The role of fathers and their young children’s social development. In H. E. Fitzgerald, K. von Klitzing, N. J. Cabrera, J. Scarano de Mendonça, & T. Skjøthaug (Eds.), Handbook of fathers and child development: Prenatal to preschool (pp. 339–355). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51027-5_21
- Jarrett, R. L. (1997). Resilience among low-income African American youth: An ethnographic perspective. Ethos, 25(2), 218–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1997.25.2.218
- Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 71, 1–21.
- Keller, H. (2013). Attachment and Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112472253
- Keller, H., & Kärtner, J. (2013). Development: The cultural solution of universal developmental tasks. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-Y. Chiu, & -Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 63–116). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199930449.003.0002
- Labella, M. H. (2018, February 1). The sociocultural context of emotion socialization in African American families. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.006
- Lamb, M. E. (1977a). The development of mother-infant and father-infant attachments in the second year of life. Developmental Psychology, 13(6), 637–648. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.13.6.637
- Lamb, M. E. (1977b). Father-infant and mother-infant interaction in the first year of life. Child Development, 48(1), 167–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1128896
- Lamb, M. E., & Lewis, C. (2010). The development and significance of father–child relationships in two-parent families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 94–153). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Lerner, R. M. (2006). Developmental science, developmental systems, and contemporary theories of human development. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development, Vol. 1 (6th ed., pp. 1–17). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Lieberman, A. F. (2004). Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 25(4), 336–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20009
- Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
- Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95–124). Ablex Publishing.
- Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205
- Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (3rd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 271–333). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406
- Masten, A. S., Lucke, C., Nelson, K., & Stallworthy, I. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: Multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17(1), 521–549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
- McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., Kim, J.-Y., Burton, L. M., Davis, K. D., Dotterer, A. M., & Swanson, D. P. (2006). Mothers’ and fathers’ racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child Development, 77(5), 1387–1402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00942.x
- Mesman, J., Minter, T., Angnged, A., Cissé, I. A. H., Salali, G. D., & Migliano, A. B. (2018). Universality without uniformity: A culturally inclusive approach to sensitive responsiveness in infant caregiving. Child Development, 89(3), 837–850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12795
- Montague, D. P. F., Magai, C., Consedine, N. S., & Gillespie, M. (2003, January 1). Attachment in African American and European American older adults: The roles of early life socialization and religiosity. Attachment & Human Development, 5(2), 188–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1461673031000108487
- Morris, E. W. (2007). “Ladies” or “loudies”?: Perceptions and experiences of Black girls in classrooms. Youth & Society, 38(4), 490–515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X06296778
- Newland, L. A., Coyl, D. D., & Freeman, H. (2008, October 1). Predicting preschoolers’ attachment security from fathers’ involvement, internal working models, and use of social support. Early Child Development and Care, 178(7–8), 785–801. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430802352186
- Odom, E. C., Garrett-Peters, P., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2016). Racial discrimination as a correlate of African American mothers’ emotion talk to young children. Journal of Family Issues, 37(7), 970–996. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14521196
- Ogbu, J. U. (1981). Origins of human competence: A cultural-ecological perspective. Child Development, 52(2), 413–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1129158
- Overton, W. F. (2013, April 1). A new paradigm for developmental science: Relationism and relational-developmental systems. Applied Developmental Science, 17(2), 94–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2013.778717
- Palm, G. (2014). Attachment theory and fathers: Moving from “being there” to “being with.” Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 282–297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12045
- Paquette, D. (2004). Theorizing the father–child relationship: Mechanisms and developmental outcomes. Human Development, 47(4), 193–219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000078723
- Parke, R. D. (2002). Fathers and families. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Being and becoming a parent (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 27–73). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Parke, R. D., & Sawin, D. B. (1976). The father’s role in infancy: A re-evaluation. The Family Coordinator, 25(4), 365–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/582848
- Perry, A. R., & Bright, M. (2012, January 6). African American fathers and incarceration: Paternal involvement and child outcomes. Social Work in Public Health, 27(1–2), 187–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.629856
- Pickreign Stronach, E., Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F., Oshri, A., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Child maltreatment, attachment security, and internal representations of mother and mother-child relationships. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511398294
- Pougnet, E., Serbin, L. A., Stack, D. M., Ledingham, J. E., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2012). The intergenerational continuity of fathers’ absence in a socioeconomically disadvantaged sample. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(3), 540–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00962.x
- Pudasainee-Kapri, S., & Razza, R. A. (2015, December 1). Associations among supportive coparenting, father engagement and attachment: The role of race/ethnicity. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(12), 3793–3804. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0187-6
- Reynolds, T. (2009). Exploring the absent/present dilemma: Black fathers, family relationships, and social capital in Britain. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 624(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716209334440
- Rice, K. G., Cunningham, T. J., & Young, M. B. (1997). Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: A comparison of Black and White late adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.1.89
- Roopnarine, J. L. (2004). African American and African Caribbean fathers: Level, quality, and meaning of involvement. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 58–97). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Salem, D. A., Zimmerman, M. A., & Notaro, P. C. (1998). Effects of family structure, family process, and father involvement on psychosocial outcomes among African American adolescents. Family Relations, 47(4), 331–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/585264
- Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Brown, G. L., Cannon, E. A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2008). Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.389
- Scism, A. R., & Cobb, R. L. (2017, March 1). Integrative review of factors and interventions that influence early father–infant bonding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 46(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.09.004
- Spencer, M. B., Dupree, D., & Hartmann, T. (1997). A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 817–833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001454
- Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development, 48(4), 1184–1199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1128475
- Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Shannon, J. D., Cabrera, N. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2004). Fathers and mothers at play with their 2- and 3-year-olds: Contributions to language and cognitive development. Child Development, 75(6), 1806–1820. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–8624.2004.00818.x
- Utsey, S. O., Bolden, M. A., Lanier, Y., & Williams, O. (2007). Examining the role of culture-specific coping as a predictor of resilient outcomes in African Americans from high-risk urban communities. Journal of Black Psychology, 33(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798406295094
- Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation. Child Development, 59(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1130396
- Welch, N., Negash, S., Nino, A., Ayres, K., & Woolley, S. (2019, August 18). Through their lens: The parental experience of formerly incarcerated Black fathers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 58(6), 500–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2019.1621416
- Wilson, M. N. (1986). The Black extended family: An analytical consideration. Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 246–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.2.246
- Woodhouse, S. S., Scott, J. R., Hepworth, A. D., & Cassidy, J. (2020). Secure base provision: A new approach to examining links between maternal caregiving and infant attachment. Child Development, 91(1), e249–e265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13224
- Woodward, L., Fergusson, D. M., & Belsky, J. (2000). Timing of parental separation and attachment to parents in adolescence: Results of a prospective study from birth to age 16. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 162–174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00162.x