References
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1969). Maternal sensitivity scales [Unpublished manuscript]. John Hopkins University.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709–716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.44.4.709
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1974). Infant–mother attachment and social development: 'Socialisation' as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In M. P. M. Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99–135). Cambridge University Press.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Erlbaum.
- Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Marvin, R. S. (1995). On the shaping of attachment theory and research. In E. Waters, B. E. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura (Eds.), Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2–3), 3–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1995.tb00200.x
- Allen, J. P., & Tan, J. S. (2016). The multiple facets of attachment in adolescence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 399–415). Guilford Press.
- Anderson, R. E., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019). RECASTing racial stress and trauma: Theorizing the healing potential of racial socialization in families. American Psychologist, 74(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000392
- Atkins, R. (2014). Instruments measuring perceived racism/racial discrimination: Review and critique of factor analytic techniques. International Journal of Health Services, 44(4), 711–734. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.44.4.c
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (2004). Differences in attachment security between African-American and white children: Ethnicity or socio-economic status? Infant Behavior & Development, 27(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2004.02.002
- Barbarin, O. A. (2021). Racial disparities in the US child protection system: Etiology and solutions. International Journal on Child Maltreatment, 3 (4), 449–466. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-020-00063-5
- Barbarin, O. A., Murry, V. M., Tolan, P., & Graham, S. (2016). Development of boys and young men of color: Implications of developmental science for My Brother’s Keeper Initiative (Social Policy Report). Society for Research and Child Development, 29(3), 1–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2016.tb00084.x
- Barbarin, O. A., Tolan, P. H., Gaylord-Harden, N., & Murry, V. (2020). Promoting social justice for African-American boys and young men through research and intervention: A challenge for developmental science. Applied Developmental Science, 24(3), 196–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2019.1702880
- Beier, J., Gross, J., Brett, B., Stern, J., Martin, D. R., & Cassidy, J. (2019). Helping, sharing, and comforting in young children: Links to individual differences in attachment. Child Development, 90(2), e273–e289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13100
- Bell, D. (1995). Who’s afraid of critical race theory? University of Illinois Law Review, 1995(4), 893–910.
- Belsky, J., & Isabella, R. (1988). Maternal, infant, and social-contextual determinants of attachment security. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 41–94). Erlbaum.
- Belsky, J. (2005). Attachment theory and research in ecological perspective. In K. E. Grossmann, K. Grossmann, & E. Waters (Eds.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (pp. 71–97). Guilford Press.
- Belsky, J., & Jaffee, S. (2006). The multiple determinants of parenting. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 3. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed., pp. 38–85). Wiley.
- Billingsley, J. T., Rivens, A. J., & Hurd, N. M. (2020). Familial interdependence, socioeconomic disadvantage, and the formation of familial mentoring relationships within black families. Journal of Adolescent Research, 074355842097912. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558420979127
- Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2012). Self-reported discrimination and discriminatory behavior: The role of attachment security. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 393–403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02065.x
- Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2016). Attachment and prejudice: The mediating role of empathy. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(2), 337–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12132
- Bonnett, A. (2005). Anti-racism. Routledge.
- Bouza, J., Camacho-Thompson, D. E., Carlo, G., Franco, X., Coll, C. G., Halgunseth, L. C., Marks, A., Stein, G. L., Suarez-Orozco, C., & White, R. M. B. (2018). The science is clear: Separating families has long-term damaging psychological and health consequences for children, families, and communities. Society for Research in Child Development. Policy Briefs. http://www.srcd.org/sites/default/files/resources/FINAL_The%20Science%20is%20Clear.pdf
- Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home life. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19–52, 107–127.
- Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss. Vol 1: Attachment. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol 2: Separation and anger. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol 3: Loss, sadness and depression. Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. Basic Books.
- Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Press.
- Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central construct in attachment theory. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 102–127). Guilford Press.
- Bretherton, I. (2010). Fathers in attachment theory and research: A review. Early Child Development and Care, 180(1–2), 9–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430903414661
- Bridgman, A. (2017). Supporting parents: Using research to inform policy and best practice [Social Policy Report Brief]. Society for Research in Child Development, 30 (5), 1–2. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED581643.pdf
- Brody, G. H., Chen, Y. F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77(5), 1170–1189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00927.x
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1974). Developmental research, public policy, and the ecology of childhood. Child Development, 45(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1127743
- Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). The ecology of developmental processes. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 795–825). Wiley.
- Brumariu, L. E., Madigan, S., Giuseppone, K. R., Abtahi, M. M., & Kerns, K. A. (2018). The Security Scale as a measure of attachment: Meta-analytic evidence of validity. Attachment & Human Development, 20(6), 600–625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1433217
- Calkins, S. D., & Leerkes, E. M. (2011). Early attachment processes and the development of emotional self-regulation. In K. D. Vohs & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 355–373). Guilford Press.
- Carnelly, K. B., & Boag, E. M. (2019). Attachment and prejudice. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 110–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.003
- Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 228–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01287.x
- Cassidy, J., Ehrlich, K. B., & Sherman, L. J. (2013). Child-parent attachment and response to threat: A move from the level of representation. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Nature and development of social connections: From brain to group (pp. 125–144). American Psychological Association.
- Cassidy, J. (2021). In the service of protection from threat: Attachment and internal working models. In R. A. Thompson, J. Simpson, & L. J. Berlin (Eds.), Attachment: The fundamental questions,103–109. Guilford Press.
- Cassidy, J., Poehlmann, J., & Shaver, P. R. An attachment perspective on incarcerated parents and their children. (2010). Attachment & Human Development, 12(4), 285–288. [Special Issue]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730903417110
- Causadias, J. M., Morris, K. S., Cárcamo, R. A., Neville, H. A., Nóblega, M., Salinas-Quiroz, F., & Silva, J. R. (this issue). Attachment research and anti-racism: Learning from Black and Brown scholars. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2021.1976936
- Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), 805–816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.54.10.805
- Coan, J. A. (2018, June 15). Opinion: The Trump administration is committing violence against children. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-trump-administration-is-committing-violence-against-children/2018/06/15/9be06440-70c0-11e8-bd50-b80389a4e569_story.html
- Coard, S. I., & Sellers, R. M. (2005). African American families as a context for racial socialization. In V. C. McLoyd, N. E. Hill, & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 264–284). Guilford Press.
- Coard, S. I. (this issue). Race, discrimination, and racism as ‘growing points’ for consideration: Attachment theory and research with African American families. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, Jr., H. C., Jr., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022035.07171.f8
- Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2020). Intersectionality. Wiley.
- Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019). Racial trauma: Theory, research, and healing: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 74(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000442
- Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
- Crenshaw, K. W. (2011). Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward. Connecticut Law Review, 43(5), 1253–1354. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_review/117
- Davis, R. E., Couper, M. P., Janz, N. K., Caldwell, C. H., & Resnicow, K. (2010). Interviewer effects in public health surveys. Health Education Research, 25(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp046
- De Wolff, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571–591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x
- Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(7), 1562–1592. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press.
- Dolan, P., Žegarac, N., & Arsić, J. (2020). Family Support as a right of the child. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 21(2), 8–26. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/SWSSR.V21I2.1417
- Dotterer, A. M., & James, A., Jr. (2018). Can parenting microprotections buffer against adolescents’ experiences of racial discrimination? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(1), 38–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0773-6
- Dunbar, A. S., Leerkes, E. M., Coard, S. I., Supple, A. J., & Calkins, S. (2017). An integrative conceptual model of parental racial/ethnic and emotion socialization and links to children’s social‐emotional development among African American families. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12218
- Dunbar, A. S., Lozada, F. T., Ahn, L. H., & Leerkes, E. M. (this issue). Mothers’ preparation for bias and responses to children’s distress predict positive adjustment among Black children: An attachment perspective. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Duschinsky, R., van Ijzendoorn, M., Foster, S., Reijman, S., & Lionetti, F. (2020). Attachment histories and futures: Reply to Vicedo’s ‘Putting attachment in its place. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 138–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2018.1502916
- Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2011). Attachment and the processing of social information across the lifespan: Theory and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 19–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021367
- Ehrlich, K. B., Stern, J. A., Eccles, J., Dinh, J. V., Hopper, E. A., Kemeny, M. E., Adam, E. K., & Cassidy, J. (2019). A preliminary investigation of attachment style and inflammation in African-American young adults. Attachment & Human Development, 21(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1541516
- Ehrlich, K. B., Yu, T., Sadiq, A., & Brody, G. H. (this issue). Neighborhood poverty, allostatic load, and changes in cellular aging in African American young adults: The moderating role of attachment. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Elliot, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Sage.
- Fearon, R. P., & Belsky, J. (2016). Precursors of attachment security. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 291–313). Guilford Press.
- Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435–456. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
- Federation Of Social, I., Association Of School, I., & Council On Social Wel, I., & International Federation of Social Workers, International Association of Schools of Social Work, & International Council on Social Welfare. (2012). The global agenda for social work and social development: Commitment to action. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(4), 837–843.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2012.10662225
- Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G. S., & Higgitt, A. C. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3<201::AID-IMHJ2280120307>3.0.CO;2-7
- Garcia, N. M., López, N., & Vélez, V. N. (2018). QuantCrit: Rectifying quantitative methods through critical race theory. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377675
- García-Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H., & Vázquez-García, H. (1996). An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children. Child Development, 67(5), 1891–1914. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1131600
- Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Barbarin, O., Tolan, P. H., & Murry, V. M. (2018). Understanding development of African American boys and young men: Moving from risks to positive youth development. American Psychologist, 73(6), 753–767. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000300
- Gaztambide, D. J. (2019). Reconsidering culture, attachment, and inequality in the treatment of a Puerto Rican migrant: Toward structural competence in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(11), 2022–2033. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22861
- Gaztambide, D. J. (this issue). Love in a time of anti-Blackness: Social rank, attachment, and race in psychotherapy. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Gillborn, D., Warmington, P., & Demack, S. (2018). QuantCrit: education, policy, 'Big Data' and principles for a critical race theory of statistics. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 158–179.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377417
- Graham, S. (2018). Race/ethnicity and social adjustment of adolescents: How (not if) school diversity matters. Educational Psychologist, 53(2), 64–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2018.1428805
- Graham, S. (this issue). Attachment theory goes to school. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the early life course: Meta‐analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12213
- Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment in the development of children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 83(2), 591–610.
- Groos, M., Wallace, M., Hardeman, R., & Theall, K. P. (2018). Measuring inequity: A systematic review of methods used to quantify structural racism. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 11(2), 190–205. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jhdrp/vol11/iss2/13
- Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., Brett, B. E., & Cassidy, J. (2017). The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research. Social Development, 26(4), 661–678. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12242
- Grossmann, K., & Grossmann, K. E. (2020). Essentials when studying child–father attachment: A fundamental view on safe haven and secure base phenomena. Attachment & Human Development, 22(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589056
- Halberstadt, A. G., & Lozada, F. T. (2011). Emotion development in infancy through the lens of culture. Emotion Review, 3(2), 158–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910387946
- Hargons, C., Mosley, D., Falconer, J., Faloughi, R., Singh, A., Stevens-Watkins, D., & Cokley, K. (2017). Black Lives Matter: A call to action for counseling psychology leaders. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(6), 873–901. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017733048
- Harrell, S. P. (2000). A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087722
- Hill, N. E. (2006). Disentangling ethnicity, socioeconomic status and parenting: Interactions, influences and meaning. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1(1), 114–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120600659069
- Hill, R. B. (2003). The strengths of Black families. University Press of America.
- Howes, C., & Spieker, S. (2016). Attachment relationships in the context of multiple caregivers. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 317–332). Guilford Press.
- Humphreys, K. L. (2019). Future directions in the study and treatment of parent–child separation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 48(1), 166–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1534209
- Johnson, D. J. (2000). Disentangling poverty and race. Applied Developmental Science, 4(S1), 55–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS04Suppl_7
- Jones, S. C. T., Anderson, R. E., Gaskin-Wasson, A. L., Sawyer, B. A., Applewhite, K., & Metzger, I. W. (2020). From “crib to coffin”: Navigating coping from racism-related stress throughout the lifespan of Black Americans. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(2), 267–282. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000430
- Kanaboshi, N., Anderson, J. F., & Sira, N. (2017). Constitutional rights of infants and toddlers to have opportunities to form secure attachment with incarcerated mothers: Importance of prison nurseries. International Journal Social Science Studies, 5(2), 55–72. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v5i2.2160
- Karver, M. S., De Nadai, A. S., Monahan, M., & Shirk, S. R. (2018). Meta-analysis of the prospective relation between alliance and outcome in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 341–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000176
- Keller, H. (2018). Universality claim of attachment theory: Children’s socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11414–11419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720325115
- Kelly, S., Jeremie‐Brink, G., Chambers, A. L., & Smith‐Bynum, M. A. (2020). The Black Lives Matter movement: A call to action for couple and family therapists. Family Process, 59(4), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12614
- Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. One World.
- King, W. (2011). Stolen childhood: Slave youth in nineteenth-century America. Indiana University Press.
- Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., Knaack, A., & Rhines, H. M. (2004). Maternal parenting and children’s conscience: Early security as moderator. Child Development, 75(4), 1229–1242. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00735.x
- Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E. A. (1996). The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology, 22(2), 144–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984960222002
- Leath, S., Butler-Barnes, S., Ross, R., & Lee-Nelson, Z. (2021). What happens if they come for you? An exploration of mothers’ racial socialization on discrimination with Black college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 45(2), 194–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320979679
- Legha, R. K., & Miranda, J. (2020). An anti-racist approach to achieving mental health equity in clinical care. Psychiatric Clinics, 43(3), 451–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2020.05.002
- Lieberman, A., Speranza, A. M., Rifkin-Graboi, A., Schuengel, C., Zeanah, C., Siegel, D., … Spieker, S. (2018, June 23). Separation is never ending: Attachment is a human right. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/thriving/201806/separation-is-never-ending-attachment-is-human-right
- Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000276502
- Maiter, S. (2009). Using an anti-racist framework for assessment and intervention in clinical practice with families from diverse ethno-racial backgrounds. Clinical Social Work Journal, 37(4), 267–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-009-0198-0
- Malda, M., & Mesman, J. (2017). Parental sensitivity and attachment in ethnic minority families. In N. J. Cabrera & B. Leyendecker (Eds.), Handbook on positive development of minority children and youth (pp. 71–88). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6
- Masten, A. S. (2015). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford.
- Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2016). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 852–877). Guilford Press.
- Mesman, J. (2018). Sense and sensitivity: A response to the commentary by Keller et al. (2018). Child Development, 89(5), 1929–1931. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13030
- Mesman, J. (2021). Video observations of sensitive caregiving “off the beaten track”: Introduction to the special issue. Attachment & Human Development, 23(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1828511
- Mesman, J., Minter, T., Angnged, A., Cissé, I. A., Salali, G. D., & Migliano, A. B. (2018). Universality without uniformity: A culturally inclusive approach to sensitive responsiveness in infant caregiving. Child Development, 89(3), 837–850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12795
- Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012). Unequal in opportunity, equal in process: Parental sensitivity promotes positive child development in ethnic minority families. Child Development Perspectives, 6(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00223.x
- Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Attachment theory and intergroup bias: Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 97–115. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.97
- Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (this issue). Enhancing the “broaden and build” cycle of attachment security as a means of overcoming prejudice, discrimination, and racism. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2021.1976921
- Miller, G. E., Brody, G. H., Yu, T., & Chen, E. (2014). A family-oriented psychosocial intervention reduces inflammation in low-SES African American youth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(31), 11287–11292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406578111
- Miller, R. R. (2018). Impacts of incarceration on the African American family. Routledge.
- Mulvey, K. L., Hoffman, A. J., Gönültaş, S., Hope, E. C., & Cooper, S. M. (2018). Understanding experiences with bullying and bias-based bullying: What matters and for whom? Psychology of Violence, 8(6), 702–711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000206
- Murry, V. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., Mayo‐Gamble, T. L., & Inniss‐Thompson, M. N. (2018). Excavating new constructs for family stress theories in the context of everyday life experiences of Black American families. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 384–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12256
- Murry, V. M., Bynum, M. S., Brody, G. H., Willert, A., & Stephens, D. (2001). African American single mothers and children in context: A review of studies on risk and resilience. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(2), 133–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011381114782
- Murry, V. M., Gonzalez, C. M., Hanebutt, R. A., Bulgin, D., Coates, E. E., Inniss-Thompson, M. N., Debreaux, M. L., Wilson, W. E., Jr., Abel, D., & Cortez, M. B. (this issue). Longitudinal study of the cascading effects of racial discrimination on attachment processes and adjustment among African American youth. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue].
- Murry, V. M., McNair, L. D., Myers, S. S., Chen, Y. F., & Brody, G. H. (2014). Intervention induced changes in perceptions of parenting and risk opportunities among rural African American. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 422–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9714-5
- Nelson, G., & Prilleltensky, I. (Eds.). (2010). Community psychology: In pursuit of liberation and well-being. Macmillan International Higher Education.
- Nienhuis, J. B., Owen, J., Valentine, J. C., Black, S. W., Halford, T. C., Parazak, S. E., Budge, S., & Hilsenroth, M. (2018). Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 593–605. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1204023
- Olson, M. D. Z., & Dombrowski, K. (2020). A systematic review of Indian boarding schools and attachment in the context of substance use studies of Native Americans. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7(1), 62–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-019-00634-4
- Osher, D., Cantor, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T. (2020). Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(1), 6–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2017.1398650
- Pachter, L. M., Szalacha, L. A., Bernstein, B. A., & Coll, C. G. (2010). Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY): Properties of a self-report instrument for research on children’s health and development. Ethnicity & Health, 15(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850903383196
- Pember, M. A. (2019, March 9). Death by civilization. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/traumatic-legacy-indian-boarding-schools/584293/
- Plotka, R., & Busch-Rossnagel, N. A. (2018). The role of length of maternity leave in supporting mother–child interactions and attachment security among American mothers and their infants. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-018-0041-6
- Posada, G., Gao, Y., Wu, F., Posada, R., Tascon, M., Schöelmerich, A., … Synnevaag, B. (1995). The secure‐base phenomenon across cultures: Children’s behavior, mothers’ preferences, and experts’ concepts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2–3), 27–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1166169
- Posada, G., Trumbell, J., Noblega, M., Plata, S., Peña, P., Carbonell, O. A., & Lu, T. (2016). Maternal sensitivity and child secure base use in early childhood: Studies in different cultural contexts. Child Development, 87(1), 297–311. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12454
- Roopnarine, J. L., Fouts, H. N., Lamb, M. E., & Lewis-Elligan, T. Y. (2005). Mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors toward their 3-to 4-month-old infants in lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic African American families. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 723–732. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.13
- Rosenthal, N. L., & Kobak, R. (2010). Assessing adolescents’ attachment hierarchies: Differences across developmental periods and associations with individual adaptation. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 678–706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00655.x
- Seibert, A. C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Attachment figures in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025409103872
- Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2009). An overview of adult attachment theory. In J. H. Obegi & E. Berant (Eds.), Attachment theory and research in clinical work with adults (pp. 17–45). Guilford Press.
- Shaver, P. R., Segev, M., & Mikulincer, M. (2011). A behavioral systems perspective on power and aggression. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.), Human aggression and violence: Causes, manifestations, and consequences (pp. 71–87). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/12346-004
- Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2016). A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: Empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 878–916). Guilford Press.
- Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Wood, D. L., Wood, D. L., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
- Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. National Academy Press.
- Shonkoff, J. P., Slopen, N., & Williams, D. R. (2021). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the impacts of racism on the foundations of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 42(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-101940
- Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2016). Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 131–157). Guilford Press.
- Smith, C. (2021). How the word is passed: A reckoning with the history of slavery across America. Little, Brown & Co.
- Smith‐Bynum, M. A., Anderson, R. E., Davis, B. L., Franco, M. G., & English, D. (2016). Observed racial socialization and maternal positive emotions in African American mother–adolescent discussions about racial discrimination. Child Development, 87(6), 1926–1939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12562
- Spencer, M. B., Dupree, D., & Hartmann, T. (1997). A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 817–833. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001454
- Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B., Popp, T., Smith, C. L., Kupfer, A., Greving, K., Liew, J., & Hofer, C. (2007). Relations of maternal socialization and toddlers’ effortful control to children’s adjustment and social competence. Developmental Psychology, 43(5), 1170–1186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1170
- Sroufe, L. A. (2016). The place of attachment in development. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 997–1011). Guilford Press.
- Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 47, 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002
- Stern, J. A., Jones, J. D., Nortey, B., Lejuez, C. W., & Cassidy, J. (this issue). Pathways linking attachment and depressive symptoms for Black and White adolescents: Do race and neighborhood racism matter? Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2021.1976924
- Stewart, P. (2007). Who is kin? Family definition and African American families. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15(2–3), 163–181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v15n02_10
- Suzuki, S., Morris, S. L., & Johnson, S. K. (2021). Using QuantCrit to advance an anti-racist developmental science: Applications to mixture modeling. Journal of Adolescent Research, 36(5)1–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584211028229
- Teicher, M. H. (2018). Childhood trauma and the enduring consequences of forcibly separating children from parents at the United States border. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-018-1147-y
- Todd, A. R., Simpson, A., Thiem, K., & Neel, R. (2016). The generalization of implicit racial bias to young black boys: Automatic stereotyping or automatic prejudice? Social Cognition, 34(4), 306–323. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2016.34.4.306
- Tyrell, F. A., & Masten, A. S. (this issue). Father–child attachment in Black families: Risk and protective processes. Attachment & Human Development. [Special Issue]. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2021.1976923
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019. Current Population Reports, P60-270, U.S. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-270.html
- U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. (2016). 2013-14 Civil rights data collection: A first look. Accessed July 1, 2021. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/2013-14-first-look.pdf
- UN General Assembly (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 1577. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text
- Vasquez, M. J. (2007). Cultural difference and the therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based analysis. American Psychologist, 62(8), 878–885. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.878
- Waddoups, A. B., Yoshikawa, H., & Strouf, K. (2019). Developmental effects of parent–child separation. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 387–410. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085142
- Watson, J. B. (1928). Psychological care of infant and child. Norton & Co.
- Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268041
- Wilkinson, A., Laurore, J., Maxfield, E., Gross, E., Daily, S., & Keating, K. (2021). Racism creates inequities in maternal and child health, even before birth [Policy Brief]. State of Babies Yearbook: 2021. Zero to Three. https://stateofbabies.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ZTTRacismInequitiesMaternalChildHealth_ChildTrends_May2021.pdf
- Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J., & Anderson, N. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539700200305
- Woodhouse, S. S., Dykas, M. J., & Cassidy, J. (2009). Perceptions of secure base provision within the family. Attachment & Human Development, 11(1), 47–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802500792
- Woodhouse, S. S., Scott, J. R., Hepworth, A. D., & Cassidy, J. (2020). Secure base provision: A new approach to examining links between maternal caregiving and infant attachment. Child Development, 91(1), 249–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13224
- Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics. Science, 351(6273), 564–565. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4951