NOTES
- Gelberg , S. 1901 . “ ‘Jewish London’ ” . In Living London: Its Work and its Play, its Humour and its Pathos, its Sights and its Scenes Edited by: Sims , G. Taken from in Vol.2 (London, 3 Vols), p.30.
- Morton , H. V. 1940 . H. V. Morton's London: Being 9 The Heart of London, The Spell of London and The Nights of London in One Volume (London,)
- 1980 . Abroad: British Literary Travelling between the Wars 203 New York and Oxford A distinction made by P. Fussell
- Finnemore , J. 1926 . England, , 2nd ed. 7 London John Finnemore's guidebook said: ‘I think you would soon be tired of the East End, for there is little to see there that is pleasing or beautiful.’
- New Survey Of course the travel books cited in this paper were not the only ways in which the East End was represented in the inter-war period. For example, the East End continued to feature in sociological studies, most notably in the project of the early 1930s. However, as Tony Kushner has shown, one group that did not attempt to represent the East End was Anglo-Jewry itself. The ‘foreign’ East End was a source of embarrassment for elite Anglo-Jewry, and was left out of official communal displays until the 1950s. It was only with the appearance of East End novelists such as Willy Goldman and Simon Blumenfeld in the 1930s that the wider public had the opportunity to contemplate an East End represented by Jews. See Kushner, ‘The End of the “Anglo-Jewish Progress Show”: Representations of the Jewish East End, 1887–1987’, in Kushner (ed.), The Jewish Heritage in British History: Englishness and Jewishness (London, 1992), pp.78–89.
- Stedman Jones , G. 1989 . “ ‘The “Cockney” and the Nation, 1780–1988’ ” . In Metropolis—London: Histories and Representations since 1800 Edited by: Jones , Stedman and Feldman , D. 310 – 11 . London See in
- Lowenthal , D. 1991 . “ ‘British National Identity and the English Landscape’, in ” . In Rural History 205 – 30 . See, for example, Vol.2 (October), and M. J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980 (Cambridge, 1981), pp.46–64.
- Morton , H. V. 1927 . In Search of England 2 London (emphasis in original).
- Baldwin , S. 1926 . On England: and Other Addresses 6 London
- Burke , T. 1933 . The Beauty of England 264 London
- 1994 . Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany New York and Oxford Americanisation was one of the great themes of European cultural commentary in the interwar period. See, for example, M. Nolan
- Weightman , G. and Humphries , S. 1984 . The Making of Modern London, 1914–1939 23 – 38 . London See
- Priestley , J. B. 1934 . English Journey 401 London
- Burke , T. 1934 . London in My Time 35 London
- Burke . ibid, p.30.
- Burke . ibid, p.41.
- Weightman and Humphries . Making of Modern London (see note 12), p.24.
- Bryant , A. 1934 . The National Character 155 London .
- Holme , C. G. 1930 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In London Promenade Edited by: Gaunt , W. 2 – 3 . London
- Booth , C. 1889 . Life and Labour of the People of London Vol.1 ‘East London’ (London,); W. Besant, All Sorts and Conditions of Men: An Impossible Story (London, 1882).
- 1963 . Victorian Cities 321 – 72 . London The importance of the East End in the national imagination has been a theme of scholarship for more than thirty years. See A. Briggs, G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1971), pp. 12–16 and passim; R. Williams, The Country and the City (London, 1993; first published 1973), pp.220–21; P. Keating, ‘Fact and Fiction in the East End’ in H. J. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds.) The Victorian City: Images and Realities, Vol 2. (London and Boston, 1973, 2 Vols), p.585; and D. E. Nord, ‘The Social Explorer as Anthropologist: Victorian Travellers among the Urban Poor’ in W. Sharpe and L. Wallock (eds.), Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and Literature (Baltimore, 1987), p. 123.
- Jones , Stedman . Outcast London (see note 21), p. 1.
- Walkowitz , J. 1992 . City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London 195 Chicago .
- Pollock , G. 1988 . “ ‘Vicarious Excitements: ” . In London: A Pilgrimage 47 See by Gustave Doré and Blanchard Jerrold, 1872’ in New Formations, 4, (Spring), and Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight (see note 23), pp. 193–4.
- Garside , P. L. 1984 . “ ‘West End, East End: London, 1890–1940’ ” . In Metropolis, 1890–1940 Edited by: Sutcliffe , A. 235 – 6 . London See in
- Keating . ‘Fact and Fiction’ (see note 21), p.597.
- Clunn , H. P. 1932 . The Face of London: The Record of a Century's Changes and Development 254 London
- Burke , T. 1932 . The Real East End 1 London .
- Burke . The Real East End ibid, p.2.
- London , J. 1903 . The People of the Abyss 6 New York
- London , J. People of the Abyss ibid, p.200.
- Morton . H. V Morton's London (see note 2), p. 10.
- Englander , David . 1989 . notes that the police interviewed for the Booth survey had difficulty placing Jews in the rough/respectable categories usually used for the working class. ‘Booth's Jews: The Presentation of Jews and Judaism', in . Life and Labour of the People in London’, Victorian Studies , 32 : 565 – 6 . (Summer), This point has been reinforced by Judith Walkowitz, who has argued that Jews fell in between the usual categories—they were seen as loud and dirty, characteristics which they shared with their non-Jewish neighbours, but their perceived sobriety and love of home separated them off from the rest in ways which approached middle-class respectability. City of Dreadful Delight, (see note 23), pp.35–6.
- Feldman , D. 1994 . Englishmen and Jews: Social Relations and Political Culture, 1840–1914 New Haven and London For a discussion of Potter see pp. 141–3. Anti-alien writers often claimed that Jewry was criminal and low-class. G. S. Reaney argued that ‘wherever the foreigner comes in any number, the neighbourhood in which he settles speedily drops in tone, in character, and in morals’. ‘The Moral Aspect’ in A. White, The Destitute Alien in Great Britain: A Series of Papers Dealing with the Subject of Foreign Pauper Immigration (London, 1892), p.91.
- Burke , T. 1915 . Nights in Town: A London Autobiography 151 London .
- Pett Ridge , W. 1926 . “ ‘From Mayfair to Whitechapel’ ” . In Wonderful London: The World's Greatest City Described by its Best Writers and Pictured by its Finest Photographers Edited by: Adcock , S. J. London, c. in (, 3 Vols), Vol.1, p.268.
- Mackenzie , F. A. “ ‘Foreign London’ in ” . In Wonderful London Vol.3, ibid, p. 1023.
- Isaacs , J. “ ‘In Jewry’ in ” . In Wonderful London Vol.3, ibid, p.801.
- Jones , J. A. 1934 . Wonderful London To-Day 137 London .
- Cohen-Portheim , P. 1935 . The Spirit of London 47 London
- Jones , Stedman . ‘“Cockney” and the Nation’ (see note 6), p.300.
- Jones , Stedman . ‘“Cockney” and the Nation’, ibid, p.317.
- Kroes , R. , Rydell , R. W. and Bosscher , D. F. J. , eds. 1993 . Cultural Transmissions and Receptions: American Mass Culture in Europe Amsterdam A fear of homogenization was only one of many meanings associated with Americanisation. For a sample of the diverse responses to American culture, see
- Lucas , E. V. 1926 . E. V Lucas's London: Being 252 A Wanderer in London and London Revisited in One Volume, With New Matter and New Pictures (London,)
- Lucas . E. V. Lucass London ibid., p.253.
- Cohen-Portheim . Spirit of London (see note 40), p.36.
- Chesterton , C. Mrs. 1936 . I Lived in a Slum 12 London .
- Jones , J. A. 1937 . London's Eight Millions 83 London
- Jones . Wonderful London To-Day (see note 39), p. 123.
- Victorian Cities This was not entirely new, as Charles Booth had also seen a certain colour and lack of artifice in East End life, a point made by Briggs, (see note 21), p.327. However this was an exceptional instance in a literature which uniformly treated the East End as a social problem.
- Dark , S. 1924 . London 151 London .
- Dark . London ibid, p. 154.
- Dark . 1899 . London ibid, p. 151. This type of argument had also been made by some anti-alien agitators. For example, ‘the stricter Jews (that is the bulk of them). remain aloof; they preserve their tribal customs; they are too proud of their origin and their destiny not to feel contemptuously towards the people by whom they are sheltered and on whom they exist’. A. White, The Modern Jew (London,), p. 140.
- Thorogood , H. 1935 . East of Aldgate 23 London
- Thorogood . East of Aldgate ibid, pp.83–84.
- Thorogood . East of Aldgate ibid, p.21.
- Thorogood . East of Aldgate ibid, p.23.
- Thorogood . East of Aldgate ibid, p. 134.
- 1938–39 . The Mass-Observation survey on anti-semitism in the East End, undertaken in divided the East End population into two categories: Jews and Cockneys. M-0 A:FR A12 ‘Anti-Semitism Survey,’ December 1938:1.
- Kushner , Tony . 1996 . “ ‘The Spice of Life?: Ethnic Difference, Politics and Culture in Modern Britain,’ ” . In Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe Edited by: Cesarani , D. and Fulbrook , M. London and New York in p. 136.
- 1996 . A History of the Jews in the English-Speaking World: Great Britain 32 – 3 . New York. W. D. Rubinstein's recent history of Anglo-Jewry suffers from this kind of either/or view of the place of Jews in British society. Rubinstein dismisses much of the recent work on British anti-semitism and proclaims that it is time to return to a view of Anglo-Jewish history as a ‘success story’. (quote on p.33).