NOTES
- See Artur Eisenbach, Kwestia równouprawnienia Zydów w Królestwie Polskim (Warsaw, 1972), and The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 1780–1870 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
- Eisenbach, Emancipation, p.434.
- Ibid. 435
- 1992 . Poles and Jews: A Failed Brotherhood 44 – 8 . Hanover, NH and London : University of New England Press . Magdalena Opalski and Israel Bartal
- S.S. Tatishchev, Imperator Aleksandr II, ego zhizn' i tsarstvovanie, 2 vols (St Petersburg, 1903), I, 511–12, 526–7.
- G.B. Sliozberg, Dela minuvshikh dnei, 3 vols (Paris, 1933), II, 147.
- la. Shatskin, ‘K istorii uchastiia evreev v poPskom vosstanii 1863 g.’, Evreiskaia starina, I (1915), 29–30.
- ‘The Polish Revolt of 1863 and the Birth of Russification: Bad for the Jews?’ . Polin , 1 I have argued this point at length for the Jews in (1986), 91–106. For the Ukrainians, see David Saunders, ‘Russia and Ukraine under Alexander E: The Valuev Edict of 1863’, The International History Review, 17.1 (1995), 23–50, which offers a more nuanced view of the causality of Russian policies.
- Opalski and Bartal (see note 4), p. 10.
- These writers include, for the period under review, Lev Haerzberg—Fraenkel, Peretz Smolenskin, Ayzik Dik and Lev Levanda. Opalski and Bartal do make some initial effort at differentiation, characterising the first and last as ‘acculturated Jews who identified themselves with the ruling German and Russian state cultures’, while the others are specifically referred to as ‘Russian maskilim’. Ibid, p.9. This apparent division is not always adhered to, as the authors consistently refer to Levanda as a ‘maskil’, (pp.80, 88–93), even as they discuss later stages in his career, pp.111–112.
- Klier , John D. 1995 . Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855–1881 25 – 8 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- M. Baker, ‘The Reassessment of Haskalah Ideology in the Aftermath of the 1863 Polish Revolt’, Polin, 5 (1990), 221–49.
- Compare this characterisation with the group of the so-called ‘Warsaw assimilationists’, in Opalski and Bartal (see note 4), pp.121–2.
- S.M. Ginsburg [Gintsburg], ‘Iz obshchestvennykh nastroennii 60-kh godov’, Evreiskaia mysl' (Leningrad, 1926), pp.246–61.
- Stanislawski , Michael . 1983 . Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825–1855 52 – 6 . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America . Significantly, Levinsohn's own exposure to the Haskalah was in Austrian-ruled Galicia.
- See Azriel Shochat, Mossad ha-rabanut mita'am be-Rusia (Haifa, 1975).
- N.A. Bukhbinder, Literatumye etiudy (Leningrad, 1927), pp.8–14.
- Ibid., pp.22–3.
- Ibid., pp.23–8.
- Ibid. 30
- Ibid., pp.31–2.
- Ibid. 35
- Ibid., pp.38–9.
- Druianov , A. 1913 . Evreiskaia starina Edited by: Levanda' , Izperepiski L.O. Vol. 5.2 , 280 – 81 .
- Bukhbinder (see note 17), pp. 18–22.
- Ibid. 33
- Vilenskii vestnik, 20 (25 January 1866).
- Ibid.
- Vilenskii vestnik, 27 (3 February 1866).
- Vilenskii vestnik, 26 (1 Feburary 1866).
- Vilenskii vestnik, 149 (13 July 1866); 173 (16 August 1866).
- These sentiments were fully shared by the Russian government. Compare an article published in the official Zhurnal of the Ministry of Education: ‘Today the Jews lack even one of the aforementioned characteristics without which there can be no talk of a distinct nationality (natsional'nost) and everywhere in the enlightened states of Europe, with the
- Klier, Imperial Russia (see note 11), pp.171–81.
- Perlmann , Moshe , Levanda , L. O. and Gordon , J. L. Levanda's Letters to Gordon, 1873–5′ . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research , 35 (1967), 169–70.
- Patterson , David . ‘The Portrait of Jewish Participation in the Polish Revolt of 1861–64 Reflected in Two Hebrew Stories by Perez Smolenskin’ . Hebrew Studies , 26 See the extensive literature devoted to this topic, including Opalski and Bartal (see note 4), pp.78–97; (1985), 307–18; Israel Bartal, ‘The Porets and the Arendar. The Depiction of Poles in Jewish Literature’, The Polish Review, 32.4 (1987), 357–69; Magdalena Opalski, ‘The Concept of Jewish Assimilation in Polish Literature of the Positivist Period’, The Polish Review, 32.4 (1987), 371–83.
- Sosis , I. 1915 . ‘Natsional'nyi vopros v literature kontsa 60kh i nachala 70kh godov’ . Evreiskaia starina , 8 139–41.
- The official uses the pejorative zhid, which was recognised as insulting at that time. See my article ‘2hid: The Biography of a Russian Pejorative’, Slavonic and East European Review, 60.1 (1982), 1–15.
- Klier, Imperial Russia (see note 11), p.181.
- Ibid, p.261.
- 1980 . New Voices of Russian Jewry 194 – 5 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . Alexander Orbach
- 1983 . ‘The Russian Press and the Anti-Jewish Pogroms of 1881’ . Canadian—American Slavic Studies , 17.1 See my article, 199–221. This was certainly the eventual conclusion of the Russian government, which promulgated restrictive legislation, the so-called May Laws of 1882, in an attempt to prevent clashes between peasants and Jews. See my ‘“Popular Politics” and the Jewish Question in the Russian Empire, 1881–2’, in Jewish Historical Studies: Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, 33 (1992–94), 175–85.
- Russkii evrei , 3 ‘Pis'mo iz provintsii’, (15 January 1882).
- Levanda , L. 1879 . ‘Pis'mo v redaktsiiu’ . Russkii evrei , 1 (31 August).
- See Levanda's article ‘Sushchnost' tak nazivaemogo palestinskogo dvizheniia’, in the collection Palestina (St Petersburg, 1884), pp.5–20.
- Nedel'naia khronika Voskhoda, 37/38 (15/22 September 1885).
- Jacob Lestschinsky, ‘Dubnow's Autonomism and His “Letters on Old and New Judaism”’ in Simon Dubnow: The Man and His Work, ed. by Aaron Steinberg (Paris: French Section of the World Jewish Congress, 1963), pp.73–91.
- Levanda showed the influence of contemporary western debates concerning race by employing the Russian cognate rasa rather than the less precise Russian piemia.
- For a recent re-evaluation of Levanda's work and career, see Sh. Markish, ‘Stoit li perechityvat’ L'va Levandu?’, Vestnik evreiskogo universiteta v Moskve, 3/10 (1995), 89–140.