Anglo-German Cooperation in Nineteenth-Century Jerusalem: The London Jews' Society and the Protestant Bishopric

NOTES

• Tobler , Titus . 1868 . Nazareth in Palästina 322 Berlin : Reimer Verlag .
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• 1954 . A History of the London Missionary Society London : Oxford University Press . On that society, see Norman Goodal
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• 1825 . The Origin, Progress and Existing Circumstances of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews: An Historical Inquiry London : Gilbert Publishing . On the London Jews' Society, see mainly H. H. Norris; William T. Gidney, The History of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, from 1809 to 1908 (London: The London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews Publishing, 1908); Yaron Perry, British Mission to the Jews in 19th Century Palestine (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, forthcoming 2002).
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• Nicolayson , On . 1852 . see mainly John Nicolayson, ‘Mittheilungen für eine Skizze der Geschichte der englischen Mission und des evangelischen Bisthums zu Jerusalem’ . Zions—Bote , 1 6–16.
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• William , E. 1965 . “ Gladstone wrote in his memoir of the Bishopric, ‘which I believe to have been the child of Bunsen's poetic and energetic brain’; see Kurt Schmidt-Clausen ” . In Vorweggenommene Einheit. Die Gründung des Bistums Jerusalem in Jahre 1841 88 BerlinHamburg : Lutherisches Verlaghaus . See also ‘The Three Anglican Bishops in Jerusalem’, The Church Quarterly Review, 18 (April/July 1884), 330, which says that Bunsen was ‘its first originator’. On the Bishopric in general, see also [Heinrich Abeken], The Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem: Its Origin and Progress. From the Official Documents Published by Command of His Majesty the King of Prussia and from other Authentic Sources (London: Wertheim Publishing, 1847); William H. Hechler, The Jerusalem Bishopric, 1841. Documents Chiefly Reprinted from a Copy of the Original German Account, ‘Das Evangelische Bisthum in Jerusalem.’ Geschichtliche Darlegung mit Urkunden. Berlin 1842 (London: Trübner Publishing, 1883); Frances Bunsen, A Memoir of Baron Bunsen, Drawn Chiefly from Family Papers by his Widow Frances Bunsen, 2 vols, 2nd edn. (London: Longman, Green & Co., 1869; Martin Lückhoff, Anglikaner und Protestanten im Heiligen Land (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998).
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• Ashley (in days to come the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury) wrote in his diary, as early as October 1838, that he himself raised the idea of forming a Bishopric in Jerusalem; see the Archive of the London Jews‘Society, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Dep. Cmj, d. 153,’ The Jerusalem Bishopric and its Connection with the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews', p.5, Ashley's diary. This booklet is to be found also at Lambeth Palace Archive, London, H5672.J4 (2.8).
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• Barclay , David E. 1995 . Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840–1861 77 – 81 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
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• Alexander McCaul (1799–1863), Professor of Theology from Dublin, considered to be the leading missionary of the Society, was the father of Elizabeth Anne, wife of James Finn (1806–72), the second British consul in Jerusalem.
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• Bunsen (see note 5), pp.368–9; Schmidt-Clausen (see note 5), pp.88–100.
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• Schmidt-Clausen (see note 5), p.89, Bunsen to Gladstone, 3 August 1840.
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• Ibid, p.367, Bunsen to Friedrich Perthes, 12 Octoberl841; Hechler (see note 5), pp.25–6.
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• Abeken (see note 5), pp.37–9.
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• Bunsen (see note 5), pp.364–5, Bunsen in Nürnberg to his wife, 26 April 1841.
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• At the beginning of the negotiations between Prussia and Britain in July 1841, the possibility of addressing a claim to recognise the Bishopric, through the British ambassador in Constantinople, was mentioned, but never came through. See ibid. p.373, Bunsen to his wife, 13 July 1841.
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• On the rejection by Constantinople of the founding of the Bishopric, see Martin Liickhoff, ‘Prussia and Jerusalem, Political and Religious Controversies Surrounding the Foundation of the Jerusalem Bishopric’, in With Eyes Toward Zion, v, Jerusalem in the Mind of the Western World, 1800–1948, ed. by Yehoshua Ben-Arieh and Moshe Davis (Connecticut: Praeger Publishing, 1997), pp.173–81.
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• See the Archive of the Israeli Trust of the Anglican Church in Jerusalem, collection of unorganised documents, letters between Ponsonby and Nicolayson from 29 May 1841 to 18 August 1841.
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• Ibid. London Committee Resolutions, 23 February 1841 (No. M1138); Correspondence Respecting the Condition of Protestants in Turkey, 1841–1851, Presented to the House of Commons in Pursuance of their Address of March 27, 1851 (London 1851), I, Palmerston to Ponsonby, 8 Februaryl841.
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• FO 78/429, Palmerston to Ponsonby, 28 August 1841.
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• Ibid., 27 September 1841.
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• Archive of the London Jews' Society in St Albans, a booklet in memory of Bishop Alexander, Two Sermons, Preached on Occasion of the Death of the Right Rev. Michael Solomon Alexander (London 1846), p.63; Lambeth Palace Archive, H672.J4 (2.8).
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• Hechler (see note 5), appendix, p.18.
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• 1860 . Home & Foreign Missionary Record , 1 November The Church of Scotland, p.275; Abeken (see note 5), pp. 133–4; Hechler (see note 5), appendix, p.46, a written commitment of the King of Prussia, 6 September 1841.
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• Bodleian Library, Dep. Cmj, d.55, pp.1–9; Hechler (see note 5), appendix, p.110, declaration of principle for the establishing of the Bishopric, 9 December 1841.
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• Bodleian Library, Dep. Cmj, d.55, appendix 1, in a pamphlet named ‘Statement of proceedings relating to the establishment of a Bishopric of the United Church of England and Ireland in Jerusalem’; Ibid, appendix 2; Hechler (see note 5), appendix, pp.48–54, the Jerusalem Bishopric law, 5 October 1841; Ibid. pp.56–60, the approval of the Queen, 6 November 1841; Abeken (see note 5), pp.130–3.
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• Ibid 77 – 8 .
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• On Alexander, see mainly Yaron Perry, ‘Alexander, Michael Solomon’, New Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming); Lambeth Palace Archive, MSS-3393–7, Alexander's Papers; St Albans Archive, a booklet in his memory, pp.33–53, pp.68–71; Jewish Records. Chiefly for the Use of Collectors and Small Subscribers of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews, 23 (1825), 2–3; Muriel W. Corey, From Rabbi to Bishop, the Biography of the Right Reverend Michael Solomon Alexander, Bishop in Jerusalem (London: Olive Press [1956]), pp.9–44.
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• Bodleian Library, Dep. Cmj, c.16, resolution 2329, 2330, dated 23 November 1841—a declaration that puts the Bishop in charge of the mission in Palestine.
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• At first, Alexander was asked to sail on board of the ‘Infernal’ but he refused a ship of that name and had to settle for the ‘Devastation’. See Corey (note 26), p.60.
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• Hechler (see note 5), appendix, p. 110, declaration of principle for the establishing of the Bishopric, 9 Dec. 1841.
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• Karl A. von Hase, Kirchengeschichte auf der Grundlage akademischer Vorlesungen, IH (Leipzig: 1892), p.556.
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• Intelligence , ewish . 1842 . Monthly Account of the Proceedings of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews 162 J (May); Corey (see note 26), pp.69, 81.
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• Lambeth Palace Archive, MS.3397, Ashley to Alexander, 9 November 1841.
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• For correspondence including the King's proposal to Gobat and his response, see Abeken (note 5), pp. 162–65; Eugene Stock, The History of the Church Missionary Society. Its Environment, its Men and its Work, II (London: Church Missionary Society Publishing, 1899), p.141. On the Bishop's reservations about accepting the nomination, see [Heinrich W. J. Thiersch and Samuel Gobat], Samuel Gobat, Bishop of Jerusalem, His Life and Work (London: Nisbet Publishing, 1884), pp.207–9. On Gobat himself, see Alex Carmel, Christen als Pioniere im Heiligen Land. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Pilgermission und des Wiederaubaus Palästinas im 19.Jahrhundert (Basle: Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, 1981), pp.59–125.
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• The Report of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews , 38 (1846), 46; Thiersch and Gobat (see note 33), p.214.
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• Ibid, pp.216, 289; Stock (see note 33), p.142.
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• Most of the missionaries of the Pilgrim Mission of Basle in Palestine left their Society and some of them joined the London Jews' Society. Nevertheless, the contribution of Spittler and his Society to the development of nineteenth-century Palestine remain significant. On the Pilgrim Mission of Basle, see Carmel (note 33).
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• On Fliedner and the Deaconesses, see Alex Carmel, ‘Der Missionar Theodor Fliedner als Pionier deutscher Palästina Arbeit’, in Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte, 14, ed. by Walter Grab (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University Press, 1985), pp.191–220.
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• Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East , 53 On the Church Missionary Society, see Stock (see note 33); (1852), pp.65–70; The Church Missionary Gleaner, 17 (July 1890), pp.105–6.
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• Bodleian Library, Dep. Cmj, d.53, correspondence with the British Parliament, Georg Herbert Münster (1820–1902) the German Ambassador in London to George Leveson Gower, 2nd Earl of Granville, the British Foreign Minister, 17 July 1882.
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• Das deutsche Kaiserpaar im Heiligen Lande im Herbst 1898, ed. by Ernst Freiherr von Mirbach (Berlin: Mittler Verlag, 1899), p.26.
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• Even in England some factors wanted to dismantle the Bishopric; see ‘The Three Anglican Bishops in Jerusalem’, Church Quarterly Review (July 1884), 327, which argues that since the programme as a whole had failed, the Bishopric ‘should die’. See also the report entitled ‘The Dead See’, in The Guardian, 16 February 1887, p.252.
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• Jewish Intelligence, Monthly Account of the Proceedings of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews (May 1883), 103.
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• Bodleian Library, Dep. Cmj, d.53, correspondence with the British Parliament, Münster to Granville, 17 July 1882.
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• Ibid., the Archbishop of Canterbury to Granville, 22 March 1883.
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• Ibid. Münster to Granville, 24 January 1884.
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• Ibid., the Archbishop of Canterbury to the British Foreign Minister, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, 20 February 1886.
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• Ibid., the British Foreign Minister, Stratford Henry 1st Earl of Iddesleigh to the German Ambassador in London, 8 January 1887. See also the declaration of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of London from 18 February 1887, in St Albans Archive, The Primary Charge of the Right Reverend George Francis Popham Blyth, D. D., Bishop of the Church of England in Jerusalem and the East (London, 1890), pp.71–3.
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