The Jews of Bristol and Liverpool, 1750–1850: Port Jewish Communities in the Shadow of Slavery

NOTES

• 1992 . Modern British Jewry 3 – 23 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Geoffrey Alderman, For comparisons and context, see also Cecil Roth, The Rise of Provindal Jewry (London: Jewish Monthly, 1950).
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• Ibid. 8
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• See for example, Maria Vassilikou, ‘Greeks and Jews in Salonika and Odessa: Inter-ethnic Relations in Cosmopolitan Port Cities’, in Cesarani (see note 10), pp.155–72.
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• David Richardson, Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth Century Slave Trade to America, vol.1, The Years of Expansion 1698–1729 (Bristol: Bristol Record Society, 1986), and vol.2, The Years of Ascendency 1730–1745 (Bristol: Bristol Record Society, 1987). In 1725, Bristol ships carried 16,950 slaves to the West Indies and North America; in 1771, when Bristol's share was declining relative to Liverpool, 8,136.
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• Ibid., pp.18, 30.
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• Minchinton (see note 15); Josiah Tucker, A Second Letter to a Friend Concerning Naturalisation (London, 1753), cited in Cecil Roth, A Histoty of the Jews in England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p.250.
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• 1962 . Public Opinion, Propaganda and Politics in Eighteenth Century England: A Study of the Jew Bill of 1753 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Minchinton (see note 15), p.80; Felsenstein (see note 20), pp.187–214. Cf. T. W Perry; Todd Endelman, The Jews of Georgian England, 1714–1830 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979), pp.59–64, 88–94; Katz, The Jews in the Histoty of England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), ch.7.
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• Walter Minchinton, ‘The Port of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century’, in McGrath (see note 17), pp. 128–9.
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• Samuel (see note 6), p.45. Judith Samuel does not make this connection and asserts rather absurdly that the Virginia in question was ‘probably not USA’.
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• 2000 . Slavery, Atlantic Trade and the British Economy, 1660–1800 88 – 9 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Bird (see note 15), pp.277–306; Owen (see note 15), pp.61–8; Hyde (see note 9), pp.11–15; Kenneth Morgan; David Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Adantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807’, in P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.2, The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp.446–9.
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• Pope-Henessy , James . 1963 . Sins of the Fathers: A Study of the Atlantic Slave Traders 1441–1807 146 – 7 . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . Hyde (see note 9), pp. 16–19, 27–29, 31–2; Morgan (see note 38), pp.89–90; Richardson (see note 38), pp.461–3. See also
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• Brooke , Richard . 1853 . Uverpool as it was during the last quarter of the eighteenth century: 1775–1800 60 – 61 . Liverpool : J. Mawdsley and Sons . Wilhams (see note 41), pp.25, 39; Kokosalkis (see note 6), pp.44, 48, 50. For a contemporary account, see
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• Waller (note 14), pp.1, 7,15; Howard Channon, Portrait of Liverpool (London: Robert Hale, 1970), p.96, remarks on the tradition of sectarianism and inter-communal violence stretching from the 1770s.
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• Wilhams (see note 41), pp.144–6; Kokosalkis (see note 6), pp.87–8.
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• Hyde (see note 9), pp.110–13; Channon (see note 43), pp.67–8.
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• Drescher (see note 7), pp.451–4; Friedman (see note 7), pp.92–3, 96–8.
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• Walvin (see note 2), p.25.
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