Promoting Mental Health and Preventing Mental Disorder among Refugees in Western Countries

References

• Amnesty International . 2000 . Ethical Codes and Declarations Relevant to the Health Professions. An Amnesty International compilation of selected ethical and human rights texts , 4th revised edition AI Index ACT 75/05/00
   Google Scholar
• APA . 2007 . Guidelines for psychological practice with girls and women . American Psychologist , 62 ( 9 ) : 949 – 979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher , H. , Björkman , A. , Kjellström , L. and Lindberg , T. 2008 . Diskriminering av papperslösa i vården leder till lidande och död. Nytt lagförslag hot mot patienterna, vården och samhället [Discrimination in access to health care of undocumented migrants results in suffering and death]. (The new law proposal a threat against the patients, the health care and the society.) . Läkartidningen , 105 ( 8 ) : 538 – 541 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beiser , M. 2006 . Longitudinal research to promote effective refugee resettlement . Transcultural Psychiatry , 43 ( 1 ) : 56 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beiser , M. and Hou , F. 2001 . Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: a 10 year study . Social Science & Medicine , 53 : 1321 – 1334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry , J. W. Acculturation and adaptation: a general framework . Mental Health of Immigrants and Refugees. Proceedings of a conference sponsored by Hogg foundation for mental health and world federation for mental health . Edited by: Holtzman , W. H. and Bornemann , T. H. Austin, Texas , , USA : Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. University of Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Bhugra , D. and Jones , P. 2001 . Migration and mental illness . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment , 7 : 216 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhui , K. , Craig , T. , Mohamud , S. Warfa , N. 2006 . Mental disorder among Somali refugees. Developing culturally appropriate measures and assessing socio-cultural risk factors . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 41 : 400 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhui , K. , Warfa , N. , Ednoya , P. , McKenzie , K. and Bhugra , D. 2007 . Cultural competence in mental health care: a review of model evaluations . BMC Health Service Research , 7 : 15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicocchi , L. and Levoy , M. 2007 . Undocumented Migrants have Rights! An overview of the international human rights framework . PICUM: Platform for international cooperation on undocumented migrants. ,
   Google Scholar
• Bischoff , A. , Bovier , P. A. Rrustemi , I. 2003 . Language barriers between nurses and asylum seekers: their impact on symptom reporting and referral . Social Science & Medicine , 57 ( 3 ) : 503 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blight , K. J. 2006 . Empowerment in integration, and Intro duction — what about power? [in Swedish] . Socialmedicinsk Tidsskrift , 83 ( 3 ) : 230 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Blight , K. J. , Persson , J.-O. , Ekblad , S. and Ekberg , J. 2008 . Medical and licit drug use in an urban/rural study population with a refugee background, 7-8 years into resettlement . GMS Psychosocial Medicine , 5 Doc04
   Google Scholar
• Blight , K. J. S. , Persson , J.-O. and Ekberg , J. 2006 . Mental health, employment and gender. Cross-sectional evidence in a sample of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina living in two Swedish regions . Social Science & Medicine , 62 : 1697 – 1709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braveman , P. and Gruskin , S. 2003 . Poverty, equity, human rights and health. Policy and practice . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 81 ( 7 ) : 539 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broström , E. 2002 . En kvalitativ intervjustudie om upplevelser av hälsa och hälsofrämjande faktorer hos introduktionsdeltagare i Stockholm [A qualitative interview study of experiences of health and health promotive factors amongst introduction participants in Stockholm. In Swedish] , Solna : Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. Master of Public Health . Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Psychosocial Factors and Health
   Google Scholar
• Burnett , A. and Peel , M. 2001 . Asylum seekers and refugees in Britain. The health of survivors of torture and organised violence . British Medical Journal , 322 : 606 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bögner , D. , Herlihy , J. and Brewin , C. 2007 . Impact of sexual violence on disclosure during Home Office interviews . British Journal of Psychiatry , 191 : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carta , M. G. , Bernal , M. , Hardoy , M. C. and Haro-Abad , J. M. 2005 . Report on the Mental Health in Europe Working Group (2005) Migration and mental health in Europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1) . Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health , 1 : 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chauvin , P. , Parizot , I. , Drouot , N. , Simonnot , N. and Tomasino , A. 2007 . “ European Survey on Undocumented Migrants’ Access to Health Care ” . In Médicins du Monde European Observatory on Access to Health Care , Médicins du Monde France .
   Google Scholar
• Clinton-Davis , L. and Fassil , Y. 1992 . Health and social problems of refugees . Social Science & Medicine , 35 ( 4 ) : 507 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 2008 . Safe in our hands? A study of suicide and self-harm in asylum seekers . Journal of Forensic & Legal Medicine , 15 : 235 – 244 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Jong , J.T.V.M. , Komproe , I. H. and Van Ommeren , M. 2003 . Common mental disorders in postconflict settings . The Lancet , 361 : 2128 – 2130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2006 . Introduction. Theme. Empowerment — an important tool to achieve health amongst refugees and other immigrants [in Swedish] . Socialmedicinsk Tidsskrift , 83 ( 3 ) : 189 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekblad , S. , Kastrup , M. C. , Eisenman , D. P. and Arcel , L. T. 2007 . “ Interpersonal violence towards women. Section 7: Mental health and illness in immigrants ” . In Immigrant Medicine , Edited by: Walker , P. F. , Barnett , E. D. and Jaranson , J. St. Louis , , USA : Saunders, Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Ekblad , S. and Shahnavaz , S. 2004 . Trauma, postmigrationsstress och suicidala tankar hos asylsökande [Trauma, postmigration stress and suicidal thoughts amongst asylum seekers] . Suicidiologi , 9 ( 1 ) : 19 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekblad , S. and Zätterström , K. Poster presentation . Evaluation of Mental Health Promotion Courses for refugees during introduction, P-409 at the 2nd Conference of Migrant Health in Europe 22—24 May . Malmö , Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson , A. , Lindencrona , F. , Olsson , I. and Puskuppeleit , M. 2007 . “ Intersektoriell samverkan i utvecklingsprojekt — en jämförande analys. [Inter-sectoral collaboration in improvement projects — a compartive analysis] ” . In Folkhälsa i samverkan: mellan professioner, organisationer, och samhällssektorer , Edited by: Axelsson , R. and Bihari-Axelsson , S. Lund , , Sweden : Studentlitteratur . [Public health in collaboration: between professions, organizations and societal sectors]
   Google Scholar
• EU Pact . Together for mental health and well-being . European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being. EU High-level conference . 12—13 June 2008 , Brussels . Europe : Slovenian Presidency of the EU 2008. World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• EU Pact . 2008b . European Pact on Immigration and Asylum Published Thursday 18 September 2008 www.euractiv.com/mibility/european-pact-immigration-asylum/article-175489
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament . 2008 . Migration policy: return policy as part of the fight against illegal immigration, common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals Reference: COD/2005/0167. Dossier of the committee: LIBE/6/30095. Stage reached: conciliation committee decision pending
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild , A. 2004 . Policies of inclusion: immigrants, disease, dependency, and American immigration policy at the dawn and dusk of the 20th century . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 4 ) : 528 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel , M. , Wheeler , J. and Danesh , J. 2005 . Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review . The Lancet , 365 : 1309 – 1314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando , S. 2005 . Multicultural mental health services: projects for minority ethnic communities in England . Transcultural Psychiatry , 42 : 420 – 436 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrada-Noli , M. 2001 . Traumatisk stress och flyktingars suicidbeteende — epidemiologiska fynd [Traumatic stress and suicidal behaviour among refugees — epidemiological findings] . Läkartidningen , 98 ( 44 ) : 4888 – 4890 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrada-Noli , M. , Asberg , M. and Ormstad , K. 1998 . Suicidal behaviour after severe trauma. Part 2: the association between methods of torture and of suicidal ideation in posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 11 ( 1 ) : 113 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen , A. A. M. , Bramsen , I. Devillé , W. 2006 . Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands . Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology , 41 : 18 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibney , J. M. 2005 . “ Beyond the bounds of responsibility: western states and measures to prevent the arrival of refugees ” . In Global migration perspectives. No. 22 , 1 – 23 . Global Commission on International Migration .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , D. P. , Gater , R. Sartorius , N. 1997 . The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care . Psychological Medicine , 27 : 191 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove , N. J. and Zwi , A. B. 2006 . Our health and theirs: forced migration, othering and public health . Social Science & Medicine , 62 : 1931 – 1942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gushulak , B. D. and MacPherson , D. W. 2006 . The basic principles of migration health: population mobility and gaps in disease prevalence . Emerging Themes in Epidemiology , 3 ( 3 ) Doi:10.1186/142-7622-3-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallas , P. , Hansen , A. R. , Stæhr , M. A. , Munk-Andersen , E. and Jorgensen , H. L. 2007 . Length of stay in asylum centres and mental health in asylum seekers: a retrospective study from Denmark . BMC Public Health , 7 : 288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , K. and Maxwell , C. 2000 . A needs assessment in a refugee mental health project in North-East London: extending the counselling model to community support . Medicine Conflict & Survival , 16 : 201 – 215 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris , M. F. and Telfer , B. L. 2001 . The health needs of asylum seekers living in the community. Asylum seekers and health care . Medical Journal of Australia , 175 : 589 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauff , E. and Vaglum , P. 1994 . Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees. A prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 182 ( 2 ) : 85 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General Green Paper . 2005 . Improving the Mental Health of the Population: Towards a strategy on mental health for the European Union , 484 Brussels : European Commission . 14.10.2005, COM (2005)
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy , J. and Turner , S. 2007 . Asylum claims and memory of trauma: sharing our knowledge . British Journal of Psychiatry , 191 : 3 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermansson , A.-C. , Timpka , T. and Thyberg , M. 2003 . The longterm impact of torture on the mental health of war-wounded refugees: findings and implications for nursing programmes . Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 17 : 317 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber , M. , Anderson , S. , Bremner , J. and Whalbeck , K. 2008 . Quality in and Equality of Access to Health Care Services , European Commission. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunity. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, European Health Management Association. European Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt P. (2006a) Visit of UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, to Sweden from 10—18th January.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , P. 2006b . “ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health ” . In Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , Economic and Social Council, United Nations . Commission on Human Rights. Sixty-second session. Item 10 of the provisional agenda. E/CN.4/2006/48. 3 March 2996
   Google Scholar
• Hunt P. (2007) Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 entitled ‘Human rights council’. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt. Addendum. Mission to Sweden. Human Rights Council. Fourth session. Item 2 of the provisional agenda. A/HRC/4/28/Add.2. 28 February. General Assembly. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Jané-Llopis , E. and Anderson , P. 2005 . Mental Health Promotion and Mental Disorder Prevention. A policy for Europe , Nijmegen , , The Netherlands : Radbound University Nijmegen .
   Google Scholar
• Jané-Llopis , E. and Anderson , P. , eds. 2006 . Mental Health Promotion and Mental Disorder Prevention across European Member States: A collection of country stories , Luxembourg : European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• Jaranson , J. , Ekblad , S. , Kroupin , V. and Eisenman , D. P. 2007 . “ Epidemiology and risk factors. Section 7: Mental health and illness in immigrants ” . In Immigrant Medicine , Edited by: Walker , P. F. , Barnett , E. D. and Jaranson , J. St. Louis , , USA : Saunders, Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Jaranson , J. , Forbes , M. S. and Ekblad , S. 2001 . “ Refugee mental health ” . In Mental Health, United States, 2000 , Edited by: Manderscheid , R. W. and Henderson , M. J. 2000 Maryland , , USA : US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Mental Health Services, Rockville .
   Google Scholar
• Kinzie , D. J. and Friedman , M. J. 2004 . “ Psychopharmacology for refugee and asylum-seeker patients ” . In Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, War and Torture Victims Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Droăđek , B. Routledge: New 37 York , , USA
   Google Scholar
• Koehn , P. H. 2006 . Globalization, migration health, and educational preparation for transnational medical encounters . Review. Open Access. Globalization & Health , 2 ( 2 ) : 1 – 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LeVoy , M. 2007 . “ Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in Europe ” . In PICUM: Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants Brussels , , Belgium
   Google Scholar
• LeVoy , M. and Verbruggen , N. 2003a . “ Book of Solidarity. Providing assistance to undocumented migrants in France, Spain and Italy ” . In PICUM: Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants Vol. /2 , Brussels , , Belgium
   Google Scholar
• LeVoy , M. and Verbruggen , N. 2003b . “ Book of Solidarity. Providing assistance to undocumented migrants in Sweden, Denmark and Austria ” . In PICUM: Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants Vol. 3 , Brussels , , Belgium
   Google Scholar
• Lie , B. 2002 . A 3-year follow-up study of psychosocial functioning and general symptoms in settled refugees . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 106 : 415 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindencrona , F. and Ekblad , S. 2006 . Refugee resettlement programmes as potential mental health promoting settings? A qualitative study of resettlement staff’s constructions of refugees’ mental health in everyday episodes . International Journal of Migration Health & Social Care , 2 ( 1 ) : 48 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindencrona , F. , Ekblad , S. and Axelsson , R. in press . Modes of interaction and performance of human service networks — a study of refugee resettlement support in Sweden . Public Management Review. ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindencrona , F. , Ekblad , S. and Hauff , E. 2008a . Mental health of recently resettled refugees from the Middle East in Sweden: the impact of pre-resettlement trauma, resettlement stress and capacity to handle stress . Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology , 43 : 121 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie K., McColl H. & Bhui K. (2007) Position Statement by the Royal College of Psychiatrists by their Transcultural Special Interest Group.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , P. 2003 . Public health ethics: asylum seekers and the case for political action . Bioethics , 17 ( 5/6 ) : 487 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , G. N. , Schell , T. L. , Elliot , M. N. , Berthold , S. M. and Chun , S.-A. 2005 . Mental health of Cambodian refugees two decades after resettlement in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 ( 5 ) : 571 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MdM . 2007 . Improving Access to Health Care for the Community's Most Vulnerable. Report and recommendations 2007 , Project London. Médicins Du Monde UK . 10 Years www.medecinsdumonde.org.uk/doclib/104524- report 2007light.pdf
   Google Scholar
• MigHealthNet . 2007 . Information network on good practice in health care for migrants and minorities in Europe accessed 7th November 2008 mighealth.net/index.php/ Main_Page
   Google Scholar
• Mollica R.F. (2003) Health promotion, mental health, and mutual assistance associations. Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma (HPRT). A Statewide Network of Local Care to Survivors of Torture. Overhead presentation.
   Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. 2004 . Surviving torture. Global health . New England Journal of Medicine , 351 ( 1 ) : 5 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Caspi-Yavin , Y. Bollini , P. 1992 . The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese Refugees . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 180 ( 2 ) : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Caspi-Yavin , Y. Lavelle , J. 1994 . “ The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Manual. For use with Cambodian, Lao and Vietnamese versions ” . In Harvard Program in refugee trauma , Boston , , USA : Harvard School of Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , McInnes , K. Sarajlić , M. 1999 . Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia . Journal of the American Medical Association , 281 ( 5 ) : 433 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Poole , C. and Tor , S. 1998 . The dose-effect relationship of trauma to symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence . British Journal of Psychiatry , 173 : 482 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Sarajlić , N. Chernoff , M. 2001 . Longitudinal study of psychiatric symptoms, disability, mortality and emigration among Bosnian refugees . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 ( 5 ) : 546 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica , R. F. , Wyshak , G. De Marneffe , D. 1986 . “ Hopkins Symptom Checklist — 25. Indochinese versions (HSCL-25). Manual for use of Cambodian, Lao, and Vietnamese versions ” . In Harvard Program in refugee trauma , Boston , , USA : Harvard School of Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Momartin , S. , Silove , D. , Manicavasagar , V. and Steel , Z. 2004 . Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia . Journal of Affective Disorders , 80 : 231 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy , R. S. and Lakshminarayana , R. 2006 . Mental health consequences of war: a brief review of research findings . World Psychiatry , 5 ( 1 ) : 25 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norredam , M. , Mygind , A. and Krasnik , A. 2005 . Ethnic disparities in health. Access to health care for asylum seekers in the European Union — a comparative study of country policies . European Journal of Public Health , 16 ( 3 ) : 285 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pécoud , A. and de Guchteneire , P. 2005 . “ Migration without borders: an investigation into the free movement of people ” . In Global Migration Perspectives. No. 27 , Paris , , France : UNESCO . Global Commission on International Migration
   Google Scholar
• Pernice , R. and Brook , J. 1996 . Refugees’ and immigrants’ mental health: association of demographic and post-immigration factors . Journal of Social Psychology , 136 ( 4 ) : 511 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piwowarczyk , L. 2007 . Asylum seekers seeking mental health services in the United States. Clinical and legal implications . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 195 : 715 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M. 2007 . Global evidence for a biopsychosocial understanding of refugee adaptation . Transcultural Psychiatry , 44 ( 3 ) : 418 – 439 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porter , M. and Haslam , N. 2005 . Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 294 ( 5 ) : 602 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaliu , A. and Thurston , W. 2003 . Identifying best practices of community participation in providing services to refugee survivors of torture: a case description . Journal of Immigrant Health , 5 ( 4 ) : 165 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinfeldt F. & Billström T. (2008) Lag om hälso- och sjukvård åt asylsökande m.fl. 22 maj 2008. SFS 2008:344. Svensk författningssamling.
   Google Scholar
• Roth , G. , Ekblad , S. and Ågren , H. 2006 . A longitudinal study of PTSD in a sample of mass-evacuated Kosovars, some of whom return to their home country . European Psychiatry , 21 : 152 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau , C. , Rufagari , M.-C. , Bagilishya , D. and Measham , T. 2004 . Remaking family life: strategies for re-establishing continuity among Congolese refuges during the family reunification process . Social Science & Medicine , 59 : 1095 – 1108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russel , M. 2008 . Scientific resistance to research, training and utilization of eye movement desensitatization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-war disorders . Social Science & Medicine , 67 : 1737 – 1746 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahnavaz , S. and Ekblad , S. 2007 . Understanding the culturally diverse in psychiatry rather than being culturally competent — a preliminary report of Swedish psychiatric teams’ views on transcultural competence . International Journal of Migration, Health & Social Care , 3 ( 4 ) : 14 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 1999 . The psychological effects of torture, mass human rights violations and refugee trauma: toward an integrated conceptual framework . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 187 ( 4 ) : 200 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 2000a . “ A conceptual framework for mass trauma: implications for adaptation, intervention and debriefing ” . In Psychological Debriefing. Theory, practice and evidence Edited by: Raphael , B. and Wilson , J. P.
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 2002 . The asylum debate in Australia: a challenge for psychiatry . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 36 : 290 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 2003 . Overcoming obstacles in confronting torture. Health and human rights . The Lancet , 361 : 1555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. 2004 . “ The global challenge of asylum ” . In Broken Spirits: The treatment of traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, war and torture victims , Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Drožđek , B. New York , , USA : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Austin , P. and Steel , S. 2007a . No refuge from terror. The impact of detention on the mental health of traumaaffected refugees seeking asylum in Australia . Transcultural Psychiatry , 44 : 359 – 393 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silove , D. and Ekblad , S. 2002 . Editorial: How well do refugees adapt after resettlement in Western countries? . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 106 : 401 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Ekblad , S. and Mollica , R. 2000c . Health and human rights. The rights of the severely mentally ill in post-conflict societies. Invited commentary . The Lancet , 355 : 1548 – 1549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Steel , Z. and Mollica , R. F. 2001 . Detention of asylum seekers: assault on health, human rights and social development . The Lancet , 357 : 1436 – 1437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Steel , Z. and Susljik , I. 2006 . Torture, mental health status and the outcomes of refugee applications amongst recently arrived asylum seekers in Australia . International Journal of Migration Health & Social Care , 2 : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Silove , D. , Steel , Z. Susljik , I. 2007b . The impact of the refugee decision on the trajectory of PTSD., anxiety and depressive symptoms among asylum seekers: a longitudinal study . American Journal of Disaster Medicine , 2 ( 6 ) : 321 – 329 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silove , D. , Steel , Z. and Watters , C. 2000b . Policies of deterrence and the mental health of asylum seekers . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 ( 5 ) : 604 – 611 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedley , B. D. , Stith , A. Y. and Nelson , A. R. , eds. 2003 . Unequal Treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care , Washington, DC , , USA : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Staehr , M. A. and Munk-Andersen , E. 2006 . Suicide and suicidal behaviour among asylum seekers in Denmark during the period 2001—2003. A retrospective study . Ugeskrift for Læger , 168 ( 17 ) : 1650 – 1653 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Frommer , N. and Silove , D. 2004 . Part I — The mental health impacts of migration: the law and its effects. Failing to understand: refugee determination and the traumatized applicant . International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , 27 : 511 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Mares , S. , Newman , L. , Blick , B. and Dudley , M. 2004 . “ The politics of asylum and immigration detention: advocacy, ethics, and the professional role of the therapist ” . In Broken Spirits: The treatment of traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, war and torture victims , Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Drožđek , B. New York , , USA : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Silove , D. Brooks , R. 2006 . Impact of immigration detention and temporary protection on the mental health of refugees . British Journal of Psychiatry , 186 : 58 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Steel , Z. , Silove , D. , Phan , T. and Bauman , A. 2002 . Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: a population-based study . The Lancet , 360 ( 5 ) : 1056 – 1062 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Support Project (2008) Mental health in the EU. Key facts, figured, and activities. A background paper provided by the SUPPORT-project. Contribution to the EU high-level conference ‘Together for Mental Health and Well-being’, Brussels, 13 June 2008. Support project. European Communities. ISBN 92-79-08999-2.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Medical Association . 2008 . Utgångspunkter för läkares omhändertagande av papperslösa personer m.fl accessed 15th November 2008 www.slf.se/templates/Page. aspx?id=22469
   Google Scholar
• Swiergiel , M. , Alikhawi , V. S. and Herbst , R. 2008 . Utbilda i mänskliga rättigheter på läkarprogrammet! . Läkartidningen , 104 ( 45 ) : 3388 – 3389 .
   Google Scholar
• Söndergaard , H. P. 2002 . Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Life Events among Recently Resettled Refugees , Stockholm , , Sweden : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Public Health Sciences, Division of Psychosocial Factors and Health .
   Google Scholar
• Söndergaard , H. P. , Ekblad , S. and Theorell , T. 2001 . Self-reported life event patterns and their relation to health among recently resettled Iraqi and Kurdish refugees in Sweden . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 189 : 838 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söndergaard , H. P. , Ekblad , S. and Theorell , T. 2003 . Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees in Stockholm . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 57 ( 3 ) : 183 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2007 . The Lancet . The Lancet , 370 : 2070 Editorial. Access to health care for undocumented migrants in Europe
   Google Scholar
• Thulesius , H. and Håkansson , A. 1999 . Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Bosnian refugees. Brief report . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12 ( 1 ) : 167 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tol , W. A. , Komproe , I. H. Thapa , S. B. 2007 . Disability associated with psychiatric symptoms among torture survivors in rural Nepal . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 195 ( 6 ) : 463 – 469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribe , R. 2002 . Mental health of refugees and asylum-seekers . Advances in Psychiatric Treatment , 8 : 240 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , S. , Bowie , C. , Dunn , G. , Shapo , L. and Yule , W. 2003 . Mental health of Kosovan Albanian refugees in the UK . British Journal of Psychiatry , 182 : 444 – 448 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR (2008) UNHCR Position on the proposal for a directive on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals. 16 June 2008.
   Google Scholar
• UNITED (2005) List of 6336 documented refugee deaths through Fortress Europe. Documentation on 29-04-2005. United for Intercultural Action, European network against nationalism, racism, fascism and in support of migrants and refugees.
   Google Scholar
• Verbruggen , N. 2001 . Health Care for Undocumented Migrants. Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, United Kingdom , Brussels , , Belgium : PICUM .
   Google Scholar
• Warfa , N. , Bhui , K. Craig , T. 2006 . Post-migration geographical mobility, mental health and health service utilisation among Somali refugees in the UK: a qualitative study . Health & Place , 12 : 503 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters , C. 2001 . Emerging paradigms in mental health care of refugees . Social Science & Medicine , 52 : 1790 – 1818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters , C. 2002 . Migration and mental health care in Europe: report of a preliminary mapping exercise . Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies , 28 : 153
   Google Scholar
• Watters , C. 2007 . Refugees at Europe's borders: the moral economy of care . Transcultural Psychiatry , 44 ( 3 ) : 394 – 417 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watters , C. and Ingelby , D. 2004 . Locations of care: meeting the mental health and social care needs of refugees in Europe . International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , : 549 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitelaw , S. , Baxendale , A. Bryce , C. 2001 . ‘Settings’- based health promotion: a review . Health Promotion International , 16 ( 4 ) : 339 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , R. and Marmot , R. , eds. 2003 . Social Determinants of Health: The solid facts , 2nd edition , World Health Organisation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , J. P. and Drožđek , B. , eds. 2004 . Broken Spirits: The treatment of traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, war and torture victims , New York , , USA : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2008a . “ Mental health. WHO urges more investments, services for mental health ” . In Programmes and projects accessed 7th July 2008
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2008b . Mental health, human rights and legislation: WHO's Framework accessed 7th November 2008 www.who.int/ mental_health/policy/fact_sheet_mnh_hr_leg_2105.pdf
   Google Scholar