Temporal variation in risk factors and prevalence rate of depression in urban population: does the urban environment play a significant role?

References

• Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., van Limbeek, J., Braam, A. W., de Vries, M. Z., & van Tilburg, W. (1997). Criterion validity of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale: Results from a community-based sample of older subjects in the Netherlands. Psychological Medicine, 27, 231–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blue, I., & Harpham, T. (1996). Urbanization and mental health in developing countries. Current Issues in Public Health, 2, 181–185.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carp, F. M. (1975). Impact of improved housing on morale and life satisfaction. Gerontologist, 15, 511–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, A., Thorne, A., & Guite, H. (2004). The impact on mental well-being of the urban and physical environment: An assessment of the evidence. Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 3, 17–32.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S.Cohen, L. G.Underwood, & B. H.Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention (pp. 3–28). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (Eds.). (1985). Social support and health. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Earls, M., & Nelson, G. (1988). The relationship between long-term psychiatric clients' psychological well-being and their perceptions of housing and social support. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 279–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elton, P. J., & Packer, J. (1986). A prospective, randomized trial of the value of rehousing on the grounds of mental health. Journal of Chronic Disease, 39, 221–227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 700–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Lepore, S. J., & Allen, K. M. (2000a). Cross-cultural differences in tolerance for crowding: Fact or fiction?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M., Chan, E., & Saltzman, H. (2000b). Housing and mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 526–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Lercher, P., Meis, M., Ising, H., & Kofler, W. (2001). Community noise exposure and stress in children. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 109, 1023–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M., & Moch, A. (2003). Housing and mental health: A review of the evidence and a methodological and conceptual critique. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 475–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firdaus, G., & Ahmad, A. (2010). Noise pollution and human health: A case study of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Indoor and Built Environment, 19, 648–656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella, K., & Franks, P. (2000). Individual income, income inequality, health, and mortality: What are the relationships?Health Services Research, 35, 307–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frerichs, R. R., Aneshensel, C. S., & Clark, V. A. (1981). Prevalence of depression in Los Angeles county. American Journal of Epidemiology, 113, 691–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, H. L. (1984). Housing. In H. L.Freeman (Ed.), Mental health and the environment (pp. 197–225). London: Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Gillis, L. S., Welman, M., Koch, A., & Joyi, M. (1991). Psychological distress and depression in urbanizing elderly black persons. South African Medical Journal, 79, 490–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, T. A., de Leon, C. M., Marlottoli, R. A., & Berkman, L. F. (1999). Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans. British Medical Journal, 319, 478–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban stress. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gove, W. R., & Hughes, M. (1983). Overcrowding in the household. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guite, H. F., Clark, C., & Ackrill, G. (2006). The impact of physical and urban environment on mental well being. Public Health, 120, 1117–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern, D. (1995). Mental health and the built environment. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Harlow, B. C., Cohen, L. S., Otto, M. W., Spiegelman, D., & Cramer, D. W. (1999). Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in older premenopausal women: The Harvard study of moods and cycles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpham, T. (1994). Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: A research role for social scientists, public health professionals and social psychiatrists. Social Science & Medicine, 39, 233–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpham, T., & Molyneux, C. (2001). Urban health in developing countries: A review. Progress in Development Studies, 1, 113–137.
   Google Scholar
• Hiroto, D. (1974). Locus of control and learned helplessness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 187–193.
   Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., & Bergman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78, 458–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killias, M., & Clerici, C. (2000). Different measures of vulnerability in their relation to different dimensions of fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 437–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo, N., Sembajwe, G., Kawachi, I., van Damn, R., Subramanian, S., & Yamagata, Z. (2009). Income inequality, mortality and self-rated health: Meta-analysis of multilevel studies. British Medical Journal, 339, b4471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lercher, P., Evans, G. W., Meis, M., & Kofler, W. (2002). Ambient neighborhood noise and children's mental health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G. A., & Wolfson, M. (2004). Is income inequality a determinant of population health? Part 1. A systematic review. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 5–99, 355–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza, I., & Jenkins, R. (2004). Risk factors, prevalence and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan: Systematic review. British Medical Journal, 328, 794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. (1996). The global burden of disease. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, J. E. (2003). Mental life and the metropolis in suburban America: The psychological correlates of metropolitan place characteristics. Urban Affairs Review, 39, 228–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palsson, S. P., Ostling, S., & Skoog, I. (2001). The incidence of first onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1159–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, S., Fernandes, J., & Weiss, M. (2003). Contextualising mental health: Gendered experiences in a Mumbai slum. Anthropology & Medicine, 10, 291–308.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, V., Abas, M., Broadhead, J., Todd, C., & Reeler, A. (2001). Depression in developing countries: Lesson from Zimbabwe. British Medical Journal, 322, 482–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, V., Araya, R., de Lima, M., Ludermir, A., & Todd, C. (1999). Women, poverty and common mental disorders in four restructuring societies. Social Science & Medicine, 49, 1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, V., & Klainman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. E., & Vernon, S. W. (1983). The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Its use in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravenscroft, N., Uzzell, D., & Leach, R. (2002). Danger ahead? The impact of fear of crime on people's recreational use of nonmotorised shared-use routes. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 20, 741–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraceno, B., & Barbui, C. (1997). Poverty and mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 285–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford, M., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2007). Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 2076–2081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stansfeld, S. A. (1993). Noise, noise sensitivity, and psychiatric disorder: Epidemiological and psychophysiological studies. Psychological Medicine. Monograph Supplement, 22, 1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: Theory, research, and intervention. New York, NY: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Whitley, R., & Prince, M. (2005). Fear of crime, mobility and mental health in inner-city London, UK. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1678–1688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2001). The world health report 2001 – Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/entity/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2002). The world health report 2002. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02_en.pdf?ua = 1.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2007). Internal report on priority public health conditions, PPHC. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/pphc_scoping_paper.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2012). Depression fact sheet N 369. Geneva: Author. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/.
   Google Scholar