Current concepts in coronary physiology for the interventionalist

References

• Kern MJ. Coronary physiology revisited: practical insights from the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Circulation 2000; 101: 1344–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topol EJ, Nissen SE. Our preoccupation with coronary luminology. The dissociation between clinical and angiographic findings in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1995; 92: 2333–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl EO. Coronary physiology. Physiol Rev 1983; 63: 1–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould KL, Lipscomb K, Hamilton GW. Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis: instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 1974; 33: 87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould KL, Kirkeeide RL, Buchi M. Coronary flow reserve as a physiologic measure of stenosis severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15: 459–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucette JW, Corl PD, Payne HM, et al. Validation of a Doppler guide wire for intravascular measurement of coronary artery flow velocity. Circulation 1992; 85: 1899–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labovitz AJ, Anthonis DM, Cravens TL, Kern MJ. Validation of volumetric flow measurements by means of a Doppler-tipped coronary angioplasty guide wire. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 1456–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaster A, Korsholm L, Phayssen P, Pedersen K, Haghfelt T. Reproducibility of intravascular ultrasound and intracor-onary Doppler measurements. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001; 53: 449–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern MJ, Aguirre FV, Bach RG, Caracciolo EA, Donohue TJ, Labovitz AJ. Interventional physiology rounds: fundamentals of translesional pressure-flow velocity measurements. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1994; 31: 137–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGinn AL, White CW, Wilson RF. Interstudy variability of coronary flow reserve: influence of heart rate, arterial pressure, and ventricular preload. Circulation 1990; 81: 1319–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus ML, Mueller TM, Gascho JA, Kerber RE. Effects of cardiac hypertrophy secondary to hypertension on the coronary circulation. Am J Cardiol 1979; 44: 1023–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan A, Millins PA, Petch MC, Schonfield PM. Is coronary flow velocity response really normal in syndrome X? Circulation 1994; 89: 1998–2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kern MJ Bach RG Mechem C et al. Variations in normal coronary vasodilate^ reserve stratified by artery, gender, heart transplantation and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1154–60.
   Google Scholar
• Wieneke H, Haude M, Ge J, et al. Corrected coronary flow velocity reserve: a new concept for assessing coronary perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1713–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akasaka T, Yoshida K, Hozumi T, et al. Retinopathy identifies marked restriction of coronary flow reserve in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 935–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rim S, Leong-Poi H, Lindner J, Wei K, Fisher N, Kaul S. Decrease in coronary blood flow reserve during hyper-lipidemia is secondary to an increase in blood viscosity. Circulation 2001; 104: 2704–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billinger M, Seller C, Fleisch M, Eberli F, Meier B, Hess O. Do beta-adrenergic blocking agents increase coronary flow reserve? J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1866–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgart D, Haude M, Goerge G, et al. Improved assessment of coronary stenosis severity using the relative flow velocity reserve. Circulation 1998; 98: 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern MJ, Puri S, Bach RG, et al. Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary artery stenting in patients: role of relative coronary reserve to assess potential mechanisms. Circulation 1999; 100: 2491–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Liebergen RAM, Piek JJ, Koch KT, et al. Hypermic coronary flow after optimized intravascular ultrasound-guided balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Shafei A, Chiravuri R, Stikovac MM, et al. Comparison of relative coronary Doppler flow velocity reserve to stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with coronary artery disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001; 53: 193–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berne RM. Cardiac nucleotides in hypoxia: possible role in regulation of coronary blood flow. Am J Physiol 1963; 204: 317–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RF, Wyche K, Christensen BV, Zimmer S, Laxson DD. Effects of adenosine on human arterial circulation. Circulation 1990; 82: 1595–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern MJ Deligonul U Tatineni S Serota H Aguirre F Hilton TC. Intravenous adenosine: continuous infusion and low dose bolus administration for determination of coronary vasodilate^ reserve in patients with and without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18: 718–29.
   Google Scholar
• Caracciolo EA, Wolford TL, Underwood RD, et al. Influence of intimal thickness on coronary blood flow responses in orthotopic heart transplant recipients: a combined intravascular Doppler and ultrasound imaging study. Circulation 1995; 92: II182-II190.
   Google Scholar
• Jeremias A, Whitbourn RJ, Filardo SD, et al. Adequacy of intracoronary versus intravenous adenosine-induced maximal coronary hyperemia for fractional flow reserve measurements. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 651–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segni ED, Higano ST, Rihal CS, Holmes DR, Lennon R, Lerman A. Incremental doses of intracoronary adenosine for the assessment of coronary velocity reserve for clinical decision making. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001; 54: 34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonoda S, Takeuchi M, Nakashima Y, Kuroiwa A. Safety and optimal dose of intracoronary adenosine 5'-tripho-sphate for the measurement of coronary flow reserve. Am Heart J 1998; 135: 621–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartunek J, Winjs W, Heyndrickx GR, De Bruyne B. Effects of dobutamine on coronary stenosis: physiology and morphology comparison with intracoronary adenosine. Circulation 1999; 100: 243–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijls NH, Van Gelder B, Van der Voort P, et al. Fractional flow reserve: a useful index to evaluate the influence of an epicardial coronary stenosis on myocardial blood flow. Circulation 1995; 92: 3183–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, et al. Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne B, Bartunek J, Sys SU, Pijls NH, Heyndrickx GR, Wijns W. Simultaneous coronary pressure and flow velocity measurements in humans: feasibility, reproducibility, and hemodynamic dependence of coronary flow velocity reserve, hyperemic flow versus pressure slope index, and fractional flow reserve. Circulation 1996; 94: 1842–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwissen J, Chamuleau AJ, Siebes M, et al. Role of variability in microvascular resistance on fractional flow reserve and coronary blood flow velocity reserve in intermediate coronary lesion. Circulation 2001; 103: 184–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claeys M, Bosmans J, Hendrix J, Vrints C. Reliability of fractional flow reserve measurements in patients with associated microvascular dysfunction: importance of flow on translesional pressure gradient. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent2001; 54:427–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briguori C, NishidaT, Adamian M, et al. Assessment of the functional significance of coronary lesions using a monorail catheter. J Invas Cardiol 2001; 13: 279–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson HV, Stokes MJ, Leon M, Abu-Halawa SA, Stuart Y, Kirkeeide RL. Coronary artery flow velocity is related to lumen area and regional left ventricular mass. Circulation 2000; 102: 48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne B, Hersbach F, Pijls N, et al. Abnormal epi-cardial coronary resistance in patients with diffuse atherosclerosis but 'normal' coronary angiography. Circulation 2001; 104: 2401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern MJ. Focus for the new millennium: diffuse coronary artery disease and physiologic measurements of severity. Am Coll Cardiol Curr J Rev March/April 2000: 13–19.
   Google Scholar
• Serruys PW, Di Mario C, Piek J, et al, for the DEBATE Study Group. Prognostic value of intracoronary flow velocity and diameter stenosis in assessing the short-and long-term outcomes of coronary balloon angioplasty: the DEBATE study (Doppler Endpoints Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe). Circulation 1997; 96: 3369–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafont A, Dubois-Rande JL, Steg PG, et al, for the F.R.O.S.T. Study Group. The French Randomized Optimal Stenting Trial: a prospective evaluation of provisional stenting guided by coronary velocity reserve and quantitative coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 404–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMario C, Moses JW, Anderson TJ, et al, on behalf of the DESTINI Study Group (Doppler Endpoint STenting INter-national Investigation). Randomized comparison of elective stent implantation and coronary balloon angioplasty guided by online quantitative angiography and intracoronary Doppler. Circulation 2000; 102: 2938–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serruys PW, De Bruyne B, Carlier S, et al, on behalf of the Doppler Endpoints Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe (DEBATE) II Study Group. Randomized comparison of primary stenting and provisional balloon angioplasty guided by flow velocity measurement. Circulation 2000; 102: 2930–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupouy P, Pelle G, Garot P, et al. Physiologically guided angioplasty in support to a provisional stenting strategy: immediate and six-month outcome. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2000; 49: 369–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson HV, Carabello BA. Provisional versus routine stenting - routine stenting is here to stay. Circulation 2000; 102: 2910–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joye JD, Cates CU, Farah T, et al. Cost analysis of intracoronary Doppler determination of lesion significance: preliminary results of the PEACH study. J Invas Cardiol 1995; 1: 27.
   Google Scholar
• Haude M, Baumgart D, Verna E, et al. Intracoronary Doppler-and quantitative coronary angiography-derived predictors of major adverse cardiac events after stent implantation. Circulation 2001; 103: 1212–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita H, Inoue N, Matsuo Y, et al. Fractional myocardial flow reserve (FFRmyo) after coronary intervention as a predictor of chronic restenosis. J Invas Cardiol 1999; 11: 527–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abizaid A, Mintz GS, Pichard AD, et al. Clinical, intravascular ultrasound, and quantitative angiographic determinants of the coronary flow reserve before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 423–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briguori C, Anzuini A, Airoldi F, et al. Intravascular ultrasound criteria for the assessment of the functional significance of intermediate coronary artery stenoses and comparison with fractional flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 136–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanekamp CEE, Koolen JJ, Pijls NHJ, Michels HR, Bonnier HJRM. Comparison of quantitative coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound, and coronary pressure measurement to assess optimum stent deployment. Circulation 1999; 99: 1015–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon W, Luna J, Samady H, et al. Fractional flow reserve compared with intravascular ultrasound guidance for optimizing stent depoyment. Circulation 2001; 104: 1917–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Liebergen RAM, Piek JJ, Koch KT, Peters et al. Hyperemic coronary flow after optimized intravascular ultrasound-guided balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1899–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthys K, Carlier S, Segers P, et al. In vitro study of FFR, QCA, and IVUS for the assessment of optimal stent deployment. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001; 54: 363–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann J, Haude M, Lerman A, et al. Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary intervention is associated with cardiac marker elevation. Circulation 2001; 103: 2339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haude M, Baumgart D, Verna E, et al. Intracoronary Doppler and quantitative coronary angiography-derived predictors of major adverse cardiac events after stent implantation. Circulation 2001; 103: 1212–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muramatsu T, Tsukahara R, Ho M, Ito Y, Ishimori H, Saiki N. Intravascular ultrasound findings in patients with abnormal coronary flow reserve after stenting. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001; 52: 420–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis SE, Holubkov R, Lee JS, et al. for the WISE Investigators. Coronary flow velocity response to adenosine characterizes coronary microvascular function in women with chest pain and obstructive coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1469–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Higano ST, Burnett JC, Lerman A. Prevalence of coronary blood flow reserve abnormalities among patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease and chest pain. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 1133–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skalidis EI, Kochiadakis GE, Koukouraki SI, Parthenakis FI, Karkavitsas NS, Vardas PE. Phasic coronary flow pattern and flow reserve in patients with left bundle branch block and normal coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1138–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur W, Bitar JN, Lechin M, et al. Coronary flow reserve may predict myocardial recovery after myocardial infarction in patients with TIMI grade 3 flow. Am Heart J 1998; 136: 335–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto T, Yoshida K, Akasaka T, et al. Can coronary Current concepts in coronary physiology for the interventional blood flow velocity patterns after percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography predict recovery of regional left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1999; 100: 339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunoda T, Nakamura M, Wakatsuki T, et al. The pattern of alteration in flow velocity in the recanalized artery is related to left ventricular recovery in patients with acute infarction and successful direct balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 338–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakatsuki T, Nakamura M, Tsunoda T, et al. Coronary flow velocity immediately after primary coronary stenting as a predictor of ventricular wall motion recovery in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1835–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akasaka T, Yoshida k Kawamoto T Kaji et al. Relation of phasic coronary flow velocity characteristics with TIMI perfusion grade and myocardial recovery after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and rescue stenting. Circulation 2000; 101: 2361–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman L, Himbert D, Juliard J, et al. Reperfusion syndrome: relationship of coronary blood flow reserve to left ventricular function and infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1162–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the placement of coronary artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998; 98: 2695–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne B, Pijls N, Barunek J, et al. Fractional flow reserve in patients with prior myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seller C, Fleisch M, Billinger M, Meier B. Simultaneous intracoronary velocity-and pressure-derived assessment of adenosine-induced collateral hemodynamics in patients with one-to two-vessel coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1985–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piljls NHJ, Bech GJW, el Gamal MIH, et al. Quantification to recruitable coronary collateral blood flow in conscious humans and its potential to predict future ischemic events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1522–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piek JJ, van Liebergen RAM, Koch KT, Peters RJG, David GK. Clinical, angiographic and hemodynamic predictors of recruitable collateral flow assessed during balloon angioplasty coronary occlusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seller C, Fleisch M, Garachemani A, Meier B. Coronary collateral quantitation in patients with coronary artery disease using intravascular flow velocity or pressure measurements. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1272–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto K, Ito H, Iwakura K, et al. Pressure-derived collateral flow index as a parameter of microvascular dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction. Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1383–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner G, Ferrari M, Richartz B, Gastmann O, Figulla H. Microvascular dysfunction in chronic total coronary occlusions. Circulation 2001; 104: 1129–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruyne B, Pijls N, Smith L, Wievegg M, Heyndrickx G. Coronary thermodilution to assess flow reserve: an experimental validation. Circulation 2001; 104: 2003–2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar