The price of an egg: oocyte donor compensation in the US fertility industry

References

• Alberta, H., R. Berry, and A. Levine. 2013. “Compliance with Donor Age Recommendations in Oocyte Donor Recruitment Advertisements in the USA.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 26: 400–405. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich, H., and M. Ruef. 2006. Organizations Evolving. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Almeling, R. 2011. Sex Cells: The Medical Market for Eggs and Sperm. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• ASRM (American Society for Reproduction Medicine). 2006. Third Party Reproduction (Sperm, Egg and Embryo Donation and Surrogacy): A Guide for Patients. American Society for Reproductive Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Barman, E. 2002. “Asserting Difference: The Strategic Response of Non-profit Organizations to Competition.” Social Forces 80 (4): 1191–1222. doi: 10.1353/sof.2002.0020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch, Kean. 2017. “Rethinking Value in the Bio-Economy: Finance, Assetization, and the Management of Value.” Science Technology and Human Values 42 (3): 460–490.
   Google Scholar
• Braverman, A. M. 2010. “How the Internet Is Reshaping Assisted Reproduction: From Donor Offspring Registries to Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing.” Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology 11 (2): 477–496.
   Google Scholar
• CDC (Center for Disease Control). n.d. “ Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act.” Center for Disease Control.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. 1990. “Controversy and the Development of Reproductive Sciences.” Social Problems 37 (1): 18–37. doi: 10.2307/800792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, P., and V. Leiter. 2004. “Medicalization, Markets, and Consumers.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45: 158–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covington, S. N., and W. E. Gibbons. 2007. “What Is Happening to the Price of Eggs?” Fertility & Sterility 87 (5): 1001–1004. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockin, S. L., and H. W. Jones. 2010. “Maternity and Egg Donation.” In Legal Conceptions: The Evolving Law and Policy of Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 188–208. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P. J., and W. W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48: 147–160. doi: 10.2307/2095101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duka, W. E., and A. H. DeCherney. 1994. From the Beginning: A History of the American Fertility Society. Birmingham, AL: The American Fertility Society.
   Google Scholar
• Ersts, P. J. n.d. Geographic Distance Matrix Generator (version 1.2.3). American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Gershman, J. 2016. “ Fertility Industry Group Settles Lawsuit over Egg Donor Price Caps.” The Wall Street Journal, February 3.
   Google Scholar
• Gunningham, N., and J. Rees. 1997. “Industry Self-regulation: An Institutional Perspective.” Law & Policy 19 (4): 363–414. doi: 10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00033
   Google Scholar
• Gurmankin, A. 2001. “Risk Information Provided to Prospective Oocyte Donors in a Preliminary Phone Call.” American Journal of Bioethics 1 (4): 3–13. doi: 10.1162/152651601317139207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton, B. H., and B. McManus. 2005a. “Infertility Treatment Markets: The Effects of Competition and Policy.” Unpublished Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, B. H., and B. McManus. 2005b. “Technology Diffusion and Market Structure: Evidence from Infertility Treatment Markets.” Unpublished Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Henne, M. B., and M. K. Bundorf. 2010. “The Effects of Competition on Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes.” Fertility & Sterility 93 (6): 1820–1830. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.02.159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holster, K. 2008. “Making Connections: Egg Donation, the Internet, and the New Reproductive Technology Marketplace.” Advances in Medical Sociology 10: 53–73. doi: 10.1016/S1057-6290(08)10004-3
   Google Scholar
• Holwell, E., J. Keehn, C. Leu, M. Sauer, and R. Klitzman. 2014. “Egg Donation Brokers: An Analysis of Agency Versus In Vitro Fertilization Clinic Websites.” Journal of Reproductive Medicine 59: 534–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. M. 2011. “Fertility Clinic, Egg Donation Agency, and Sperm Bank Policies.” Fertility & Sterility 96 (4): 877–879. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. M. 2013. “Making Families: Organizational Boundary Work in US Egg and Sperm Donation.” Social Science & Medicine 99: 64–71. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keehn, J., E. Holwell, R. Abdul-Karin, L. Chin, C. Leu, M. Sauer, and R. Klitzman. 2012. “Recruiting Egg Donors Online: An Analysis of In-Vitro Fertilization Clinic and Agency Websites’ Adherence to American Society for Reproductive Medicine Guidelines.” Fertility & Sterility 98 (4): 995–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keehn, J., E. Howell, M. Sauer, and R. Klitzman. 2015. “How Agencies Market Egg Donation on the Internet: A Qualitative Study.” Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 43 (3): 610–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, D. S. 1999. “Pre-implantation Diagnosis and the ‘New’ Eugenics.” Journal of Medical Ethics 25: 176–182. doi: 10.1136/jme.25.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. A., and M. J. Lenox. 2000. “Industry Self-regulation Without Sanctions: The Chemical Industry’s Responsible Care Program.” The Academy of Management Journal 43 (4): 698–716. doi: 10.2307/1556362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A. D. 2010. “Self-regulation, Compensation, and the Ethical Recruitment of Oocyte Donors.” The Hastings Center Report 40 (2): 25–36. doi: 10.1353/hcr.0.0245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, D. 2000. “The Sociological Character of Health Care Markets.” In Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, edited by Fitzpatrick Albrecht and Scrimshaw, 394–408. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., J. Snyder-Duch, and C. Campanella Bracken. 2002. “Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability.” Human Communication Research 28 (4): 587–604. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L. J. 2009. “Reproductive Tourism in the Age of Globalization.” Globalizations 6 (2): 249–263. doi: 10.1080/14747730802500398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. 2001. “Hybrid Management: Boundary Organizations, Science Policy, and Environmental Governance in the Climate Regime.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 26 (4): 478–500. doi: 10.1177/016224390102600405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, R., and C. Waldby. 2010. “National Biobanks: Clinical Labor, Risk Production, and the Creation of Biovalue.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 35 (3): 330–355. doi: 10.1177/0162243909340267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCSL (National Conference of State Legislatures). 2014. “State Laws Related to Insurance Coverage for Infertility Treatment.” NCSL. Accessed 15 July 2017. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/insurance-coverage-for-infertility-laws.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, Advisory Group on Assisted Reproductive Technologies. n.d. “Thinking of Becoming an Egg Donor? Get the Facts Before You Decide!” Department of Health, State of New York.
   Google Scholar
• Pauly, M. V. 1988. “Market Power, Monopsony, and Health Insurance Markets.” Journal of Health Economics 7: 111–128. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(88)90011-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennings, G. 2000. “The Right to Choose Your Donor: A Step Towards Commercialization or a Step Towards Empowering the Patient?” Human Reproduction 15 (3): 508–514. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.3.508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Propp, D. A., C. Krubert, and A. Sasson. 2003. “Healthcare Economics for the Emergency Physician.” The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 21 (1): 55–60. doi: 10.1053/ajem.2003.50024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich, A. D. 2014. “Contradictions in the Commodification of Hospital Care.” American Journal of Sociology 119 (6): 1576–1628. doi: 10.1086/676836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Relman, A. S. 1980. “The New Medical-Industrial Complex.” The New England Journal of Medicine 303 (17): 963–970. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198010233031703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanelli, E. 1991. “The Evolution of New Organizational Forms.” Annual Review of Sociology 17: 79–103. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SART (Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology). 2007. “Egg Donor Agencies.” SART.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, L. 2007. “Effects of Infertility Insurance Mandates on Fertility.” Journal of Health Economics 26 (3): 431–446. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2006.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, L. M. 1999. “How Reprogenetics Will Transform the American Family.” Hofstra Law Review 27: 649–658.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spar, D. 2006. The Baby Business: How Money, Science, and Politics Drive the Commerce of Conception. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbock, B. 2004. “Payment for Egg Donation and Surrogacy.” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 71 (4): 255–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stinchcombe, A. L. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by J. G. March, 142–193. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• The Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2007. “Financial Compensation of Oocyte Donors.” Fertility & Sterility 88 (2): 305–309. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treiser, S. n.d. “Selecting an Egg Donor: Anonymous vs. Known Parents via Egg Donation.” www.parentsviaeggdonation.org/v2/anonymous.html.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. n.d. “Documentation and Errata to Accompany the Release of July 1, 1999 Population Estimates for Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions.” The U.S. Census Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Waldby, C. 2008. “Oocyte Markets: Women’s Reproductive Work in Embryonic Stem Cell Research.” New Genetics & Society 27 (1): 19–31. doi: 10.1080/14636770701843576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshino, K. 2009. “Fertility Industry Oversight Is Urged.” Los Angeles Times, March 5, A8.
   Google Scholar