References
- AbdelHafez, F., Bedaiwy, M., El-Nashar, S.A., Sabanegh, E., & Desai, N. (2009). Techniques for cryopreservation of individual or small numbers of human spermatozoa: A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 15, 153–164. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmn061.
- Agha-Rahimi, A., Khalili, M., Nottola, S., Miglietta, S., & Moradi, A. (2016). Cryoprotectant‐free vitrification of human spermatozoa in new artificial seminal fluid. Andrology, 4, 1037–1044. doi: 10.1111/andr.12212.
- Aravindan, G., Bjordahl, J., Jost, L., & Evenson, D. (1997). Susceptibility of human sperm to in situ DNA denaturation is strongly correlated with DNA strand breaks identified by single-cell electrophoresis. Experimental Cell Research, 236, 231–237. doi: 10.1006/excr.1997.3719.
- Boitrelle, F., Albert, M., Theillac, C., Ferfouri, F., Bergere, M., Vialard, F., … Selva, J. (2012). Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa decreases the number of motile normal spermatozoa, induces nuclear vacuolization and chromatin decondensation. Journal of Andrology, 33, 1371–1378. doi: 10.2164/jandrol.112.016980.
- Chohan, K., Griffin, J., & Carrell, D.T. (2004). Evaluation of chromatin integrity in human sperm using acridine orange staining with different fixatives and after cryopreservation. Andrologia, 36, 321–326. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00626.x.
- Cobo, A., Kuwayama, M., Pérez, S., Ruiz, A., Pellicer, A., & Remohí, J. (2008). Comparison of concomitant outcome achieved with fresh and cryopreserved donor oocytes vitrified by the Cryotop method. Fertility and Sterility, 89, 1657–1664. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.05.050.
- Cohen, J., Garrisi, G.J., Congedo-Ferrara, T.A., Kieck, K.A., Schimmel, T.W., & Scott, R.T. (1997). Cryopreservation of single human spermatozoa. Human Reproduction, 12, 994–1001. doi: 10.1093/humrep/12.5.994.
- Endo, Y., Fujii, Y., Shintani, K., Seo, M., Motoyama, H., & Funahashi, H. (2011). Single spermatozoon freezing using Cryotop. Journal of Mammalian Ova Research, 28, 47–52. doi: 10.1247/jmor.28.47.
- Endo, Y., Fujii, Y., Shintani, K., Seo, M., Motoyama, H., & Funahashi, H. (2012). Simple vitrification for small numbers of human spermatozoa. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 24, 301–307. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.11.016.
- Esteves, S.C., & Varghese, A.C. (2012). Laboratory handling of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa: What can be done to improve sperm injections outcome. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5, 233–243. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.106333.
- Esteves, S.C., Sharma, R.K., Thomas, J.A.J., & Agarwal, A. (2000). Improvement in motion characteristics and acrosome status in cryopreserved human spermatozoa by swim-up processing before freezing. Human Reproduction, 15, 2173–2179. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.10.2173.
- Esteves, S.C., Spaine, D.M., & Cedenho, A.P. (2007). Effects of pentoxifylline treatment before freezing on motility, viability and acrosome status of poor quality human spermatozoa cryopreserved by the liquid nitrogen vapor method. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 40, 985–992. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X20060050-00118.
- Fortunato, A., Leo, R., & Liguori, F. (2013). Effects of cryostorage on human sperm chromatin integrity. Zygote, 21, 330–336. doi: 10.1017/S0967199412000032.
- Franken, D., Franken, C., De La Guerre, H., & De Villiers, A. (1999). Normal sperm morphology and chromatin packaging: Comparison between aniline blue and chromomycin A3 staining. Andrologia, 31, 361–366. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0272.1999.00290.x.
- Gandini, L., Lombardo, F., Paoli, D., Caponecchia, L., Familiari, G., Verlengia, C., & Lenzi, A. (2000). Study of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 15, 830–839. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.4.830.
- Gangrade, B.K. (2013). Cryopreservation of testicular and epididymal sperm: Techniques and clinical outcomes of assisted conception. Clinics, 68(Suppl.1), 131–140. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2013(Sup01)15.
- Gao, D., Mazur, P., & Critser, J.K. (1997). Fundamental cryobiology of mammalian spermatozoa. In A.M. Karow & J.K. Critser (Eds.), Reproductive tissue banking (pp. 263–328). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Ghazzawi, I.M., Sarraf, M.G., Taher, M.R., & Khalifa, F.A. (1998). Comparison of the fertilizing capability of spermatozoa from ejaculates, epididymal aspirates and testicular biopsies using intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Human Reproduction, 13, 348–352. doi: 10.1093/humrep/13.2.348.
- Herrler, A., Eisner, S., Bach, V., Weissenborn, U., & Beier, H.M. (2006). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa in alginic acid capsules. Fertility and Sterility, 85, 208–213. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.06.049.
- Hirohashi, N. (2016). Site of mammalian sperm acrosome reaction. In M. Buffone (Ed.), Sperm acrosome biogenesis and function during fertilization. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, vol. 220, pp. 145–158. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30567-7_8.
- Isachenko, E., Isachenko, V., Katkov, I.I., Rahimi, G., Schöndorf, T., Mallmann, P., … Nawroth, F. (2004). DNA integrity and motility of human spermatozoa after standard slow freezing versus cryoprotectant‐free vitrification. Human Reproduction, 19, 932–939. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh194.
- Isachenko, E., Isachenko, V., Weiss, J., Kreienberg, R., Katkov, I., Schulz, M., … Sanchez, R. (2008). Acrosomal status and mitochondrial activity of human spermatozoa vitrified with sucrose. Reproduction, 136, 167–173. doi: 10.1530/REP-07-0463.
- Isachenko, V., Isachenko, E., Katkov, I.I., Montag, M., Dessole, S., Nawroth, F., & van der Ven, H. (2004). Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of human spermatozoa by vitrification and freezing in vapor: Effect on motility, DNA integrity, and fertilization ability. Biology of Reproduction, 71, 1167–1173. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.028811.
- Just, A., Gruber, I., Wöber, M., Lahodny, J., Obruca, A., & Strohmer, H. (2004). Novel method for the cryopreservation of testicular sperm and ejaculated spermatozoa from patients with severe oligospermia: A pilot study. Fertility and Sterility, 82, 445–447. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.12.050.
- Kruger, T.F., DuToit, T.C., Franken, D.R., Acosta, A.A., Oehninger, S.C., Menkveld, R., & Lombard, C.J. (1993). A new computerized method of reading sperm morphology (strict criteria) is as efficient as technician reading. Fertility and Sterility, 59, 202–209. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55640-4.
- Kuwayama, M., Vajta, G., Kato, O., & Leibo, S.P. (2005). Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation of human oocytes. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 11, 300–308. doi: 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60837-1.
- Kuznyetsov, V., Moskovtsev, S.I., Crowe, M., Lulat, A.G.-M., & Librach, C.L. (2015). Vitrification of a small number of spermatozoa in normozoospermic and severely oligozoospermic samples. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 61, 13–17. doi: 10.3109/19396368.2014.987855.
- Liu, T., Gao, J., Zhou, N., Mo, M., Wang, X., Zhang, X., … Liu, J. (2016). The effect of two cryopreservation methods on human sperm DNA damage. Cryobiology, 72, 210–215. doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.04.004.
- Lopez-Bayghen, E., Tello-Mora, P., & Quintanilla-Vega, B. (2016). Biomarkers for sperm quality are associated with fertility rates and embryo viability. Fertility and Sterility, 106, e305. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.867.
- Manicardi, G., Bianchi, P., Pantano, S., Azzoni, P., Bizzaro, D., Bianchi, U., & Sakkas, D. (1995). Presence of endogenous nicks in DNA of ejaculated human spermatozoa and its relationship to chromomycin A3 accessibility. Biology of Reproduction, 52, 864–867. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod52.4.864.
- Morris, G.J., Acton, E., Murray, B.J., & Fonseca, F. (2012). Freezing injury: The special case of the sperm cell. Cryobiology, 64, 71–80. doi: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.12.002.
- Neild, D.M., Gadella, B.M., Chaves, M.A.G., Miragaya, M.H., Colenbrander, B., & Agüero, A. (2003). Membrane changes during different stages of a freeze–thaw protocol for equine semen cryopreservation. Theriogenology, 59, 1693–1705. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01231-1.
- Nijs, M., & Ombelet, W. (2001). Cryopreservation of human sperm. Human Fertility (Cambridge, England), 4, 158–163. doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01231-1.
- Petyim, S., Neungton, C., Thanaboonyawat, I., Laokirkkiat, P., & Choavaratana, R. (2014). Sperm preparation before freezing improves sperm motility and reduces apoptosis in post-freezing–thawing sperm compared with post-thawing sperm preparation. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 31, 1673–1680. doi: 10.1007/s10815-014-0332-y.
- Ricci, G., Perticarari, S., Boscolo, R., Simeone, R., Martinelli, M., Fischer-Tamaro, L., … Presani, G. (2009). Leukocytosper-mia and sperm preparation—A flow cytometric study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 7, 128. doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-128.
- Sailer, B.L., Jost, L.K., & Evenson, D.P. (1995). Mammalian sperm DNA susceptibility to in situ denaturation associated with the presence of DNA strand breaks as measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. Journal of Andrology, 16, 80–87. doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1995.tb01735.x.
- Satirapod, C., Treetampinich, C., Weerakiet, S., Wongkularb, A., Rattanasiri, S., & Choktanasiri, W. (2012). Comparison of cryopreserved human sperm from solid surface vitrification and standard vapor freezing method: On motility, morphology, vitality and DNA integrity. Andrologia, 44(Suppl.1), 786–790. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01267.x.
- Silva, P.F., & Gadella, B. (2006). Detection of damage in mammalian sperm cells. Theriogenology, 65, 958–978. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.09.010.
- Slabbert, M., Du Plessis, S., & Huyser, C. (2015). Large volume cryoprotectant‐free vitrification: An alternative to conventional cryopreservation for human spermatozoa. Andrologia, 47, 594–599. doi: 10.1111/and.12307.
- Stein, A., Shufaro, Y., Hadar, S., Fisch, B., & Pinkas, H. (2015). Successful use of the Cryolock device for cryopreservation of scarce human ejaculate and testicular spermatozoa. Andrology, 3, 220–224. doi: 10.1111/andr.12007.
- Talebi, A.R., Mangoli, E., Nahangi, H., Anvari, M., Pourentezari, M., & Halvaei, I. (2014). Vitamin C attenuates detrimental effects of diabetes mellitus on sperm parameters, chromatin quality and rate of apoptosis in mice. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 181, 32–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.07.007.
- Talebi, A.R., Sarcheshmeh, A.A., Khalili, M.A., & Tabibnejad, N. (2011). Effects of ethanol consumption on chromatin condensation and DNA integrity of epididymal spermatozoa in rat. Alcohol, 45, 403–409. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.10.005.
- Vajta, G. (2010). Vitrification in ART – Getting closer? Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 38(Suppl.2), 565–572. Retrieved from: http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/1021274.
- World Health Organization. (2010). WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (5th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization Press.
- Xin, M., Siddique, M.A.M., Dzyuba, B., Cuevas-Uribe, R., Shaliutina-Kolešová, A., & Linhart, O. (2017). Progress and challenges of fish sperm vitrification: A mini review. Theriogenology, 98, 16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.043.
- Zidi-Jrah, I., Hajlaoui, A., Mougou-Zerelli, S., Kammoun, M., Meniaoui, I., Sallem, A., …. Saad, A. (2016). Relationship between sperm aneuploidy, sperm DNA integrity, chromatin packaging, traditional semen parameters, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertility and Sterility, 105, 58–64. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.041.