Can the Sperm Class Analyser (SCA) CASA-Mot system for human sperm motility analysis reduce imprecision and operator subjectivity and improve semen analysis?

References

• ABA (Association of Biomedical Andrologists). (2012). Laboratory Andrology Guidelines for Good Practice Version 3. The British Fertility Society. Retrieved from https://www.aba.uk.net
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, C., Castilla, J.A., Martinez, L., Ramirez, J.P., Vergara, F., & Gaforio, J.J. (2003). Biological variation of seminal parameters in healthy subjects. Human Reproduction, 18, 2082–2088. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auger, J., Eustache, F., Ducot, B., Blandin, T., Daudin, M., Diaz, I., … Jouannet, P. (2000). Intra-and inter-individual variability in human sperm concentration, motility and vitality assessment during a workshop involving ten laboratories. Human Reproduction, 15, 2360–2368. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.11.2360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt, C.L.R., Björndahl, L., Menkveld, R., & Mortimer, D. (2011). ESHRE special interest group for andrology basic semen analysis course: A continued focus on accuracy, quality, efficiency and clinical relevance. Human Reproduction, 26, 3207–3212. doi: 10.1093/humrep/der312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt, C., Tomlinson, M., & Cooke, I. (1993). Prognostic significance of computerized motility analysis for in vivo fertility. Fertility and Sterility, 60, 520–525. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56171-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bompart, D., García-Molina, A., Valverde, A., Caldeira, C., Yániz, J., de Murga, M.N., & Soler, C. (2018). CASA-Mot technology: How results are affected by the frame rate and counting chamber. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 30, 810–819. doi: 10.1071/RD17551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonde, J.P.E., Ernst, E., Jensen, T.K., Hjollund, N.H.I., Kolstad, H., Scheike, T., … Olsen, J. (1998). Relation between semen quality and fertility: A population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. The Lancet, 352, 1172–1177. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10514-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazil, C., Swan, S.H., Tollner, C.R., Treece, C., Drobnis, E.Z., Wang, C., … Overstreet, J.W, The Study for Future Families Research Group. (2004). Quality control of laboratory methods for semen evaluation in a multicenter research study. Journal of Andrology, 25, 645–656. doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02836.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centola, G.M., & Eberly, S. (1999). Seasonal variations and age-related changes in human sperm count, motility, motion parameters, morphology, and white blood cell concentration. Fertility and Sterility, 72, 803–808. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00395-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, N., Povey, A.C., McNamee, R., Moore, H., Baillie, H., Clyma, J.A., … Pacey, A.A. (2014). Occupation exposures and sperm morphology: a case-referent analysis of a multi-centre study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71, 598–604. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, T.G., Björndahl, L., Vreeburg, J., & Nieschlag, E. (2002). Semen analysis and external quality control schemes for semen analysis need global standardization. International Journal of Andrology, 25, 306–311. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00370.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooper, T.G., Neuwinger, J., Bahrs, S., & Nieschlag, E. (1992). Internal quality control of semen analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 58, 172–178. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55156-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, T.G., & Yeung, C.H. (2006). Computer-aided evaluation of assessment of “grade a” spermatozoa by experienced technicians. Fertility and Sterility, 85, 220–224. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Giorgi, A., Volpi, R., Tiseo, R., Pala, M., Manfredini, R., & Fabbian, F. (2015). Seasonal variation of human semen parameters: A retrospective study in Italy. Chronobiology International, 32, 711–716. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1024315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearing, C.G., Kilburn, S., & Lindsay, K.S. (2014). Validation of the sperm class analyser CASA system for sperm counting in a busy diagnostic semen analysis laboratory. Human Fertility, 17, 37–44. doi: 10.3109/14647273.2013.865843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas-Hamilton, D.H., Smith, N.G., Kuster, C.E., Vermeiden, J.P., & Althouse, G.C. (2005). Particle distribution in low-volume capillary-loaded chambers. Journal of Andrology, 26, 107–114. doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2005.tb02879.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M.T., Smith, D.J., & Kirkman-Brown, J.C. (2018). CASA: Tracking the past and plotting the future. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 30, 867–874. doi: 10.1071/RD17420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, C., Liu, D., Clarke, G., Rushford, D., & Baker, H. (2003). Automated semen analysis:‘zona pellucida preferred’sperm morphometry and straight-line velocity are related to pregnancy rate in subfertile couples. Human Reproduction, 18, 1643–1649. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giwercman, A., & Giwercman, Y.L. (2011). Environmental factors and testicular function. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 25, 391–402. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S.-M., Cheong, A., Adgent, M.A., Veevers, J., Suen, A.A., Tam, N.N.C., … Williams, C.J. (2017). Environmental factors, epigenetics, and developmental origin of reproductive disorders. Reproductive Toxicology, 68, 85–104. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, W., Watson, P., Curry, M., & Holt, C. (1994). Reproducibility of computer-aided semen analysis: Comparison of five different systems used in a practical workshop. Fertility and Sterility, 62, 1277–1282. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57201-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman-Brown, J.C., & Smith, D.J. (2011). Sperm motility: Is viscosity fundamental to progress?. Molecular Human Reproduction, 17, 539–544. doi: 10.1093/molehr/gar043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuth, U.A., Neuwinger, J., & Nieschlag, E. (1989). Bias to routine semen analysis by uncontrolled changes in laboratory environment—detection by long-term sampling of monthly means for quality control. International Journal of Andrology, 12, 375–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1989.tb01326.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsen, L., Scheike, T., Jensen, T.K., Bonde, J.P., Ernst, E., Hjollund, N.H., … Giwercman, A, The Danish First Pregnancy Planner Study Team. (2000). Computer-assisted semen analysis parameters as predictors for fertility of men from the general population. Human Reproduction, 15, 1562–1567. doi: 10.1093/humrep/15.7.1562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer, S.T., van der Horst, G., & Mortimer, D. (2015). The future of computer-aided sperm analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 17, 545–553. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.154312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence). (2013). Fertility: Assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems. Clinical Guideline CG156. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156
   Google Scholar
• Pacey, A.A. (2006). Is quality assurance in semen analysis still really necessary? A view from the andrology laboratory. Human Reproduction, 21, 1105–1109. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacey, A.A., Povey, A.C., Clyma, J.-A., McNamee, R., Moore, H.D., Baillie, H., Cherry, N.M, … & Participating Centres of Chaps-UK. (2014). Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor sperm morphology. Human Reproduction, 29, 1629–1636. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skakkebaek, N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., Buck Louis, G.M., Toppari, J., Andersson, A.-M., Eisenberg, M.L., … Juul, A. (2016). Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiological Reviews, 96, 55–97. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slama, R., Eustache, F., Ducot, B., Jensen, T.K., Jørgensen, N., Horte, A., … Jouannet, P. (2002). Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: A cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities. Human Reproduction, 17, 503–515. doi: 10.1093/humrep/17.2.503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez, S.S., & Pacey, A.A. (2006). Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract. Human Reproduction Update, 12, 23–37. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmi047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M. (2018). Diagnostic semen analysis: Uncertainty, clinical value, and recent advances. In M. Carroll (Ed.) Clinical reproductive science (pp. 265–277). Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781118977231.ch22
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M.J. (2010). Is your andrology service up to scratch?. Human Fertility, 13, 194–200. doi: 10.3109/14647273.2010.535089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M.J. (2016). Uncertainty of measurement and clinical value of semen analysis: Has standardisation through professional guidelines helped or hindered progress?. Andrology, 4, 763–770. doi: 10.1111/andr.12209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M.J., & Naeem, A. (2018). CASA in the medical laboratory: CASA in diagnostic andrology and assisted conception. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 30, 850–859. doi: 10.1071/RD17520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M.J., Pooley, K., Simpson, T., Newton, T., Hopkisson, J., Jayaprakasan, K., … Pridmore, T. (2010). Validation of a novel computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system using multitarget-tracking algorithms. Fertility and Sterility, 93, 1911–1920. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R.M. (2006). Moving to the beat: A review of mammalian sperm motility regulation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 18, 25–38. doi: 10.1071/RD05120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Horst, G., & Du Plessis, S.S. (2017). Not just the marriage of Figaro: But the marriage of WHO/ESHRE semen analysis criteria with sperm functionality. Postępy Andrologii Online [Advances in Andrology. Online], 4, 6–21.
   Google Scholar
• van der Horst, G., Maree, L., & Du Plessis, S.S. (2018). Current perspectives of CASA applications in diverse mammalian spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 30, 875–888. doi: 10.1071/RD17468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Waart, J., Kruger, T.F., Lombard, C.J., & Ombelet, W. (2001). Predictive value of normal sperm morphology in intrauterine insemination (IUI): A structured literature review. Human Reproduction Update, 7, 495–500. doi: 10.1093/humupd/7.5.495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanweert, J., Repping, S., Vanvoorhis, B., Vanderveen, F., Bossuyt, P., & Mol, B. (2004). Performance of the postwash total motile sperm count as a predictor of pregnancy at the time of intrauterine insemination: A meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 82, 612–620. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.01.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (1999). WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction (4th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2010a). Chapter 2. Standard Procedures. Types of counting chamber. In T. G. Cooper (Ed.), WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (p. 34). Cambridge: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2010b). Chapter 7. Quality assurance and quality control. In T. G. Cooper (Ed.), WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. (5th ed., pp. 179–202). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar