References
- Abdel-Meguid, T.A., Al-Sayyad, A., Tayib, A., & Farsi, H.M. (2011). Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial. European Urology, 59, 455–461. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008.
- Agarwal, A., Deepinder, F., Cocuzza, M., Agarwal, R., Short, R.A., Sabanegh, E., & Marmar, J.L. (2007). Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: New meta-analytical approach. Urology, 70, 532–538. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.04.011.
- Agarwal, A., Sharma, R., Harlev, A., & Esteves, S.C. (2016). Effect of varicocele on semen characteristics according to the new 2010 World Health Organization criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 163–170. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.172638.
- Alsaikhan, B., Alrabeeah, K., Delouya, G., & Zini, A. (2016). Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 179–181. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.172640.
- Altintas, R., Ediz, C., Celik, H., Camtosun, A., Tasdemir, C., Tanbek, K., … Alan, C. (2016). The effect of varicocoelectomy on the relationship of oxidative stress in peripheral and internal spermatic vein with semen parameters. Andrology, 4, 442–446. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12172.
- Bakhoum, S.F., & Compton, D.A. (2012). Chromosomal instability and cancer: A complex relationship with therapeutic potential. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 122, 1138–1143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI59954.
- Balmori, C., & Varela, E. (2018). Should we consider telomere length and telomerase activity in male factor infertility? Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 30, 197–202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000451.
- Blasco, M.A. (2005). Telomeres and human disease: Ageing, cancer and beyond. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6, 611–622. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1656.
- Chiba, K., Ramasamy, R., Lamb, D.J., & Lipshultz, L.I. (2016). The varicocele: Diagnostic dilemmas, therapeutic challenges and future perspectives. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 276–281. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.167724.
- Cho, C., Esteves, S.C., & Agarwal, A. (2016). Novel insights into the pathophysiology of varicocele and its association with reactive oxygen species and sperm DNA fragmentation. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 186–193. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.170441.
- Cho, K.S., & Seo, J.T. (2014). Effect of varicocelectomy on male infertility. Korean Journal of Urology, 55, 703–709. doi: https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2014.55.11.703.
- de la Roche Saint-André, C. (2008). Alternative ends: Telomeres and meiosis. Biochimie, 90, 181–189. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2007.08.010.
- Fernández, J.L., Muriel, L., Goyanes, V., Segrelles, E., Gosálvez, J., Enciso, M., … De Jonge, C. (2005). Simple determination of human sperm DNA fragmentation with an improved sperm chromatin dispersion test. Fertility and Sterility, 84, 833–842. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.089.
- Jungwirth, A., Giwercman, A., Tournaye, H., Diemer, T., Kopa, Z., Dohle, G., Krausz, C, & European Association of Urology Working Group on Male Infertility. (2012). European Association of Urology guidelines on male infertility: The 2012 update. European Urology, 62, 324–332. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.04.048.
- Kalmbach, K.H., Fontes Antunes, D.M., Dracxler, R.C., Knier, T.W., Seth-Smith, M.L., Wang, F., … Keefe, D.L. (2013). Telomeres and human reproduction. Fertility and Sterility, 99, 23–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.039.
- Kohn, T.P., Kohn, J.R., & Pastuszak, A.W. (2017). Varicocelectomy before assisted reproductive technology: Are outcomes improved? Fertility and Sterility, 108, 385–391. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.033.
- Kroese, A.C.J., De Lange, N.M., Collins, J., Evers, J.L.H., & Marjoribanks, J. (2014). Surgery or embolization for varicoceles in subfertile men. Fertility and Sterility, 102, 1553–1555. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.10.005.
- López-Díazguerrero, N.E., Pérez-Figueroa, G.E., Martínez-Garduño, C.M., Alarcón-Aguilar, A., Luna-López, A., Gutiérrez-Ruiz, M.C., & Königsberg, M. (2012). Telomerase activity in response to mild oxidative stress. Cell Biology International, 36, 409–413. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/CBI20110308.
- Marmar, J.L. (2016). The evolution and refinements of varicocele surgery. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 171–178. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.170866.
- Ni, K., Steger, K., Yang, H., Wang, H., Hu, K., Zhang, T., & Chen, B. (2016). A comprehensive investigation of sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress injury in infertile patients with subclinical, normozoospermic, and astheno/oligozoospermic clinical varicocoele. Andrology, 4, 816–824. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12210.
- Nussey, D.H., Baird, D., Barrett, E., Boner, W., Fairlie, J., Gemmell, N., … Monaghan, P. (2014). Measuring telomere length and telomere dynamics in evolutionary biology and ecology. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 299–310. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12161.
- O’Callaghan, N.J., & Fenech, M. (2011). A quantitative PCR method for measuring absolute telomere length. Biological Procedures Online, 13, 10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1480-9222-13-3.
- Oyama, J., Maeda, T., Sasaki, M., Higuchi, Y., Node, K., & Makino, N. (2012). Repetitive hyperthermia attenuates progression of left ventricular hypertrophy and increases telomerase activity in hypertensive rats. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 302, H2092–H2101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00225.2011.
- Ozturk, S. (2015). Telomerase activity and telomere length in male germ cells. Biology of Reproduction, 92, 1–11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.114.124008.
- Pajovic, B., Radojevic, N., Dimitrovski, A., Radovic, M., Rolovic, R., & Vukovic, M. (2015). Advantages of microsurgical varicocelectomy over conventional techniques. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19, 532–538. Retrieved from: https://www.europeanreview.org/article/8540.
- Pathak, P., Chandrashekar, A., Hakky, T., & Pastuszak, A. (2016). Varicocele management in the era of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 343–348. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.178482.
- Ribas-Maynou, J., García-Peiró, A., Abad, C., Amengual, M.J., Navarro, J., & Benet, J. (2012). Alkaline and neutral Comet assay profiles of sperm DNA damage in clinical groups. Human Reproduction, 27, 652–658. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der461.
- Ribas-Maynou, J., García-Peiró, A., Fernández-Encinas, A., Abad, C., Amengual, M.J., Prada, E., … Benet, J. (2013). Comprehensive analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation by five different assays: TUNEL assay, SCSA, SCD test and alkaline and neutral Comet assay. Andrology, 1, 715–722. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00111.x.
- Ribas-Maynou, J., García-Peiró, A., Fernandez-Encinas, A., Amengual, M.J., Prada, E., Cortés, P., … Benet, J. (2012). Double-stranded sperm DNA breaks, measured by Comet assay, are associated with unexplained recurrent miscarriage in couples without a female factor. PLoS One, 7, e44679. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044679.
- Samassekou, O., Gadji, M., Drouin, R., & Yan, J. (2010). Annals of anatomy sizing the ends: Normal length of human telomeres. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 192, 284–291. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.005.
- Santana, V.P., Miranda-Furtado, C.L., Pedroso, D.C.C., Eiras, M.C., Vasconcelos, M.A.C., Ramos, E.S., … dos Reis, R.M. (2019). The relationship among sperm global DNA methylation, telomere length, and DNA fragmentation in varicocele: A cross-sectional study of 20 cases. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 65, 95–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2018.1557762.
- Smith, R., Kaune, H., Parodi, D., Madariaga, M., Rios, R., Morales, I., & Castro, A. (2006). Increased sperm DNA damage in patients with varicocele: Relationship with seminal oxidative stress. Human Reproduction, 21, 986–993. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei429.
- Tahamtan, S., Tavalaee, M., Izadi, T., Barikrow, N., Zakeri, Z., Lockshin, R.A., … Nasr- Esfahani, M.H. (2019). Reduced sperm telomere length in individuals with varicocele is associated with reduced genomic integrity. Scientific Reports, 9, 4336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40707-2.
- Thilagavathi, J., Venkatesh, S., & Dada, R. (2013). Telomere length in reproduction. Andrologia, 45, 289–304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12008.
- Tiseo, B.C., Esteves, S.C., & Cocuzza, M.S. (2016). Summary evidence on the effects of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile men. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18, 239–245. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.172639.
- Von Zglinicki, T. (2002). Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 27, 339–344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(02)02110-2.
- Wang, F., Pan, X., Kalmbach, K., Seth-Smith, M. L., Ye, X., Antumes, D. M., … Weissman, S. M. (2013). Robust measurement of telomere length in single cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, E1906–E1912. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306639110.
- World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Laboratory Manual for the examination and processsing of human semen (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press.
- Zhang, M., Du, L., Liu, Z., Qi, H., & Chu, Q. (2014). The effects of varicocelectomy on testicular arterial blood flow: Laparoscopic surgery versus microsurgery. Urology Journal, 11, 1900–1906. doi: https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v11i05.2503.