Is there a role for phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of male subfertility?

References

• Agarwal, A., Cho, C. L., & Esteves, S. C. (2016). Should we evaluate and treat sperm DNA fragmentation? Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 28(3), 164–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, A., Majzoub, A., Esteves, S. C., Ko, E., Ramasamy, R., & Zini, A. (2016). Clinical utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing: practice recommendations based on clinical scenarios. Translational Andrology and Urology, 5(6), 935–950. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2016.10.03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, A., & Sekhon, L. H. (2011). Oxidative stress and antioxidants for idiopathic oligoasthenoteratospermia: Is it justified? Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India, 27(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.78437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aitken, R. J., & De Iuliis, G. N. (2007). Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 14(6), 727–733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60676-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger, J. T., Gilbert, B. R., & Goldstein, M. (2003). Cryopreservation of sperm: Indications, methods and results. The Journal of Urology, 170(4 Pt 1), 1079–1084. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000084820.98430.b8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avendano, C., Franchi, A., Duran, H., & Oehninger, S. (2010). DNA fragmentation of normal spermatozoa negatively impacts embryo quality and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Fertility and Sterility, 94(2), 549–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, M. F., Faucz, F. R., Bimpaki, E., Horvath, A., Levy, I., de Alexandre, R. B., Ahmad, F., Manganiello, V., & Stratakis, C. A. (2014). Clinical and molecular genetics of the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Endocrine Reviews, 35(2), 195–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakos, H. W., Henshaw, R. C., Mitchell, M., & Lane, M. (2011). Paternal body mass index is associated with decreased blastocyst development and reduced live birth rates following assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and Sterility, 95(5), 1700–1704. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat, I. A., Danfour, M. A., Galewan, F. A., & Dkhil, M. A. (2015). Effect of various concentrations of caffeine, pentoxifylline, and kallikrein on hyperactivation of frozen bovine semen. BioMed Research International, 2015, 948575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/948575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, P. J. (2013). Theophylline. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 188(8), 901–906. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201302-0388PP
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, S., Hamilton, M. P., Shaaban, M., Khalaf, Y., Seddler, M., Ghobara, T., Braude, P., Kennedy, R., Rutherford, A., Hartshorne, G., & Templeton, A. (2001). Conventional in-vitro fertilisation versus intracytoplasmic sperm injection for the treatment of non-male-factor infertility: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 357(9274), 2075–2079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05179-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswell-Smith, V., Spina, D., & Page, C. P. (2006). Phosphodiesterase inhibitors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 147 Suppl 1, S252–S257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet, S. L., Mehta, A., Kissin, D. M., Warner, L., Kawwass, J. F., & Jamieson, D. J. (2015). Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. JAMA, 313(3), 255–263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, A. P., & Holden, C. A. (1995). Pentoxifylline-supplemented cryoprotectant improves human sperm motility after cryopreservation. Human Reproduction, 10(9), 2308–2312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British National Formulary (2019). Pentoxifylline. Retrieved 2019, from https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/pentoxifylline.html
   Google Scholar
• Carson, C. C., & Lue, T. F. (2005). Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. BJU International, 96(3), 257–280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05614.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, G. M., Wand, H., Macaldowie, A., Chapman, M. G., Farquhar, C. M., Bowman, M., Molloy, D., & Ledger, W. (2016). Population trends and live birth rates associated with common ART treatment strategies. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 31(11), 2632–2641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, C. Y., & Boettcher, B. (1981). Effect of cAMP, Mn2+, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on human sperm motility. Archives of Andrology, 7(4), 313–317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/01485018108999324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, P. J., Pastuszak, A. W., Myers, J. B., Goodwin, I. A., & Hotaling, J. M. (2019). Fertility concerns of the transgender patient. Translational Andrology and Urology, 8(3), 209–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.05.09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cissen, M., Wely, M. V., Scholten, I., Mansell, S., Bruin, J. P., Mol, B. W., Braat, D., Repping, S., & Hamer, G. (2016). Measuring sperm DNA fragmentation and clinical outcomes of medically assisted reproduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 11(11), e0165125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates, A., Hesla, J. S., Hurliman, A., Coate, B., Holmes, E., Matthews, R., Mounts, E. L., Turner, K. J., Thornhill, A. R., & Griffin, D. K. (2015). Use of suboptimal sperm increases the risk of aneuploidy of the sex chromosomes in preimplantation blastocyst embryos. Fertility and Sterility, 104(4), 866–872. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cseh, S., Chan, P. J., Corselli, J., & Bailey, L. L. (2000). Electroejaculated baboon (Papio anubis) sperm requires a higher dosage of pentoxifylline to enhance motility. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 17(8), 449–453. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009469319596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadra, D. L., Chan, P. J., Patton, W. C., Stewart, S. C., & King, A. (2000). Type 5 phosphodiesterase regulation of human sperm motility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 182(5), 1013–1015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2000.105435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DasGupta, S., O'Toole, C., Mills, C. L., & Fraser, L. R. (1994). Effect of pentoxifylline and progesterone on human sperm capacitation and acrosomal exocytosis. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 9(11), 2103–2109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Santo, M., Tarozzi, N., Nadalini, M., & Borini, A. (2012). Human sperm cryopreservation: Update on techniques, effect on DNA integrity, and implications for ART. Advances in Urology, 2012, 854837. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/854837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dimitriadou, F., Rizos, D., Mantzavinos, T., Arvaniti, K., Voutsina, K., Prapa, A., & Kanakas, N. (1995). The effect of pentoxifylline on sperm motility, oocyte fertilization, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcome in an in vitro fertilization program. Fertility and Sterility, 63(4), 880–886. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)57497-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohle, G. R., Colpi, G. M., Hargreave, T. B., Papp, G. K., Jungwirth, A., Weidner, W., & EAU Working Group on Male Infertility. (2005). EAU guidelines on male infertility. European Urology, 48(5), 703–711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, S., Chambers, G. M., de Mouzon, J., Nygren, K. G., Zegers-Hochschild, F., Mansour, R., Ishihara, O., Banker, M., & Adamson, G. D. (2016). International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies world report: Assisted reproductive technology 2008, 2009 and 2010. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 31(7), 1588–1609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, T., Shebl, O., Mayer, R. B., Moser, M., Costamoling, W., & Oppelt, P. (2014). Healthy live birth using theophylline in a case of retrograde ejaculation and absolute asthenozoospermia. Fertility and Sterility, 101(2), 340–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebner, T., Tews, G., Mayer, R. B., Ziehr, S., Arzt, W., Costamoling, W., & Shebl, O. (2011). Pharmacological stimulation of sperm motility in frozen and thawed testicular sperm using the dimethylxanthine theophylline. Fertility and Sterility, 96(6), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.08.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edirisinghe, W. R., Junk, S., Yovich, J. M., Bootsma, B., & Yovich, J. L. (1995). Sperm stimulants can improve fertilization rates in male-factor cases undergoing IVF to the same extent as micromanipulation by partial zona dissection (PZD) or subzonal sperm insemination (SUZI): A randomized controlled study. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 12(5), 312–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02213710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., & Agarwal, A. (2013). Reproductive outcomes, including neonatal data, following sperm injection in men with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia: Case series and systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 68(Suppl 1), 141–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(Sup01)16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., Gosalvez, J., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Nunez-Calonge, R., Caballero, P., Agarwal, A., & Fernandez, J. L. (2015). Diagnostic accuracy of sperm DNA degradation index (DDSi) as a potential noninvasive biomarker to identify men with varicocele-associated infertility. International Urology and Nephrology, 47(9), 1471–1477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-015-1053-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., Oliveira, F. V., & Bertolla, R. P. (2010). Clinical outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in infertile men with treated and untreated clinical varicocele. Journal of Urology, 184(4), 1442–1446. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., Prudencio, C., Seol, B., Verza, S., Knoedler, C., & Agarwal, A. (2014). Comparison of sperm retrieval and reproductive outcome in azoospermic men with testicular failure and obstructive azoospermia treated for infertility. Asian Journal of Andrology, 16(4), 602–606. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.126015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., Roque, M., & Agarwal, A. (2016). Outcome of assisted reproductive technology in men with treated and untreated varicocele: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Journal of Andrology, 18(2), 254–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.163269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, S. C., Roque, M., Bedoschi, G., Haahr, T., & Humaidan, P. (2018). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility and consequences for offspring. Nature Reviews. Urology, 15(9), 535–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0051-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountain, S., Rizk, B., Avery, S., Palmer, C., Blayney, M., Macnamee, M., Mills, C., & Brinsden, P. (1995). An evaluation of the effect of pentoxifylline on sperm function and treatment outcome of male-factor infertility: A preliminary study. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 12(10), 704–709. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavella, M., Lipovac, V., & Marotti, T. (1991). Effect of pentoxifylline on superoxide anion production by human sperm. International Journal of Andrology, 14(5), 320–327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1991.tb01099.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenn, D. R., McVicar, C. M., McClure, N., & Lewis, S. E. (2007). Sildenafil citrate improves sperm motility but causes a premature acrosome reaction in vitro. Fertility and Sterility, 87(5), 1064–1070. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Marin, C., Gosalvez, J., & Roy, R. (2012). Types, causes, detection and repair of DNA fragmentation in animal and human sperm cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(11), 14026–14052. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131114026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasti, P. N., Monteiro, G. A., Maziero, R. R. D., Carmo, M. T., Dell’Aqua, J. A., Crespilho, A. M., Rifai, E. A., & Papa, F. O. (2017). Pentoxifylline effects on capacitation and fertility of stallion epididymal sperm. Animal Reproduction Science, 179, 27–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, X. Y., Liu, X. M., Jin, L., Wang, T. T., Ullah, K., Sheng, J. Z., & Huang, H. F. (2017). Cardiovascular and metabolic profiles of offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technologies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 107(3), 622–631 e625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreave, M., Jensen, A., Toender, A., Andersen, K. K., & Kjaer, S. K. (2013). Fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 100(1), 150–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, P. T., Chen, S. U., Chao, K. H., Chen, C. D., Ho, H. N., & Yang, Y. S. (2003). Effects of fertilization promoting peptide, adenosine, and pentoxifylline on thawed human sperm. Archives of Andrology, 49(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01485010390129214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (2018). Fertility treatment 2014–2016: Trends and figures. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. (pp. 1–58). www.hfea.gov.uk›media›hfea-fertility-trends-and-figures-2017-v2
   Google Scholar
• Jin, J., Pan, C., Fei, Q., Ni, W., Yang, X., Zhang, L., & Huang, X. (2015). Effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on the clinical outcomes for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with different ovarian reserves. Fertility and Sterility, 103(4), 910–916. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltz, J., Zapantis, A., Jindal, S. K., Lieman, H. J., Santoro, N., & Polotsky, A. J. (2010). Overweight men: Clinical pregnancy after ART is decreased in IVF but not in ICSI cycles. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 27(9–10), 539–544. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-010-9439-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissin, D. M., Zhang, Y., Boulet, S. L., Fountain, C., Bearman, P., Schieve, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Jamieson, D. J. (2015). Association of assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment and parental infertility diagnosis with autism in ART-conceived children. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 30(2), 454–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacic, B., Vlaisavljevic, V., & Reljic, M. (2006). Clinical use of pentoxifylline for activation of immotile testicular sperm before ICSI in patients with azoospermia. Journal of Andrology, 27(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.05079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, Z., Wang, A. Y., Bowman, M., Hammarberg, K., Farquhar, C., Johnson, L., Safi, N., & Sullivan, E. A. (2018). ICSI does not increase the cumulative live birth rate in non-male factor infertility. Human Reproduction, 33(7), 1322–1330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meamar, M., Zribi, N., Cambi, M., Tamburrino, L., Marchiani, S., Filimberti, E., Fino, M. G., Biggeri, A., Menezo, Y., Forti, G., Baldi, E., & Muratori, M. (2012). Sperm DNA fragmentation induced by cryopreservation: new insights and effect of a natural extract from Opuntia ficus-indica. Fertility and Sterility, 98(2), 326–333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino, G., Martinez Chequer, J. C., Barahona, E., Bermudez, J. A., Moran, C., & Carranza-Lira, S. (1997). Effects of pentoxifylline on sperm motility in normogonadotropic asthenozoospermic men. Archives of Andrology, 39(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/01485019708987903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micic, S., Lalic, N., Djordjevic, D., Bojanic, N., Bogavac-Stanojevic, N., Busetto, G. M., Virmani, A., & Agarwal, A. (2019). Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine on sperm parameters in men with idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia. Andrologia, 51(6), e13267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, V., Rives, N., Albert, M., Peers, M. C., Selva, J., Clavier, B., Escudier, E., & Escalier, D. (2006). Outcome of ICSI with ejaculated spermatozoa in a series of men with distinct ultrastructural flagellar abnormalities. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 21(8), 2065–2074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, A., Khalili, M. A., Fesahat, F., Talebi, A., & Ghasemi-Esmailabad, S. (2017). Pentoxifylline increase sperm motility in devitrified spermatozoa from asthenozoospermic patient without damage chromatin and DNA integrity. Cryobiology, 76, 59–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassar, A., Mahony, M., Blackmore, P., Morshedi, M., Ozgur, K., & Oehninger, S. (1998). Increase of intracellular calcium is not a cause of pentoxifylline-induced hyperactivated motility or acrosome reaction in human sperm. Fertility and Sterility, 69(4), 748–754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00013-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassar, A., Mahony, M., Morshedi, M., Lin, M. H., Srisombut, C., & Oehninger, S. (1999). Modulation of sperm tail protein tyrosine phosphorylation by pentoxifylline and its correlation with hyperactivated motility. Fertility and Sterility, 71(5), 919–923. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00013-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassar, A., Morshedi, M., Mahony, M., Srisombut, C., Lin, M. H., & Oehninger, S. (1999). Pentoxifylline stimulates various sperm motion parameters and cervical mucus penetrability in patients with asthenozoospermia. Andrologia, 31(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0272.1999.00241.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellance. (2013). Fertility problems: Assessment and treatment (CG156). Retrieved 2019, from https://http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg156
   Google Scholar
• Negri, P., Grechi, E., Tomasi, A., Fabbri, E., & Capuzzo, A. (1996). Effectiveness of pentoxifylline in semen preparation for intrauterine insemination. Human Reproduction, 11(6), 1236–1239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyboe Andersen, A., Carlsen, E., & Loft, A. (2008). Trends in the use of intracytoplasmatic sperm injection marked variability between countries. Human Reproduction Update, 14(6), 593–604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell, M., McClure, N., & Lewis, S. E. (2002). The effects of cryopreservation on sperm morphology, motility and mitochondrial function. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 17(3), 704–709. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.3.704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, G., Joris, H., Devroey, P., & Van Steirteghem, A. C. (1992). Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet (London, England), 340(8810), 17–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-F
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariz, J. R., & Hallak, J. (2016). Effects of caffeine supplementation in post-thaw human semen over different incubation periods. Andrologia, 48(9), 1049–1966. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeker, R., Abramsson, L., & Marklund, S. L. (1997). Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Molecular Human Reproduction, 3(12), 1061–1066. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/3.12.1061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, R., Sa, R., Barros, A., & Sousa, M. (2017). Major regulatory mechanisms involved in sperm motility. Asian Journal of Andrology, 19(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.167716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perk, H., Armagan, A., Naziroğlu, M., Soyupek, S., Hoscan, M. B., Sütcü, R., Ozorak, A., & Delibas, N. (2008). Sildenafil citrate as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor has an antioxidant effect in the blood of men. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 33(6), 635–640. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00962.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poongothai, J., Gopenath, T. S., & Manonayaki, S. (2009). Genetics of human male infertility. Singapore Medical Journal, 50(4), 336–347. http://www.smj.org.sg/article/genetics-human-male-infertility
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice Committees of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. (2012). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for non-male factor infertility: A committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 98(6), 1395–1399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, J., Sheng, X., Wang, H., Liang, D., Tan, H., & Xia, J. (2015). Assisted reproductive technology and risk of congenital malformations: A meta-analysis based on cohort studies. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 292(4), 777–798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3707-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, L., Gallos, I. D., Conner, S. J., Rajkhowa, M., Miller, D., Lewis, S., Kirkman-Brown, J., & Coomarasamy, A. (2012). The effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on miscarriage rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction, 27(10), 2908–2917. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozati, H., Handley, T., & Jayasena, C. N. (2017). Process and pitfalls of sperm cryopreservation. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6(9), 89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6090089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safarinejad, M. R. (2011). Effect of pentoxifylline on semen parameters, reproductive hormones, and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in men with idiopathic infertility: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. International Urology and Nephrology, 43(2), 315–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-010-9826-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakkas, D., & Alvarez, J. G. (2010). Sperm DNA fragmentation: Mechanisms of origin, impact on reproductive outcome, and analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 93(4), 1027–1036. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.10.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salhiyyah, K., Forster, R., Senanayake, E., Abdel-Hadi, M., Booth, A., & Michaels, J. A. (2015). Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD005262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005262.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R. K., & Agarwal, A. (1997). Influence of artificial stimulation on unprocessed and Percoll-washed cryopreserved sperm. Archives of Andrology, 38(3), 173–179. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/01485019708994875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silla, A. J., Keogh, L. M., & Byrne, P. G. (2017). Sperm motility activation in the critically endangered booroolong frog: the effect of medium osmolality and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development, 29(11), 2277–2283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/RD17012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits, R. M., Mackenzie-Proctor, R., Yazdani, A., Stankiewicz, M. T., Jordan, V., & Showell, M. G. (2019). Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD007411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strassburger, D., Friedler, S., Raziel, A., Schachter, M., Kasterstein, E., & Ron-el, R. (2000). Very low sperm count affects the result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 17(8), 431–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009413201849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez, S. S., & Ho, H. C. (2003). Hyperactivated motility in sperm. Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene, 38(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0531.2003.00397.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, P., Liu, L., Wei, S., Tang, Z., Yang, L., & Wei, Q. (2017). The effect of oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors on sperm parameters: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Urology, 105, 54–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.02.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandara, M., Bajic, A., Tandara, L., Bilic-Zulle, L., Sunj, M., Kozina, V., Kozina, V., Goluža, T., & Jukic, M. (2014). Sperm DNA integrity testing: Big halo is a good predictor of embryo quality and pregnancy after conventional IVF. Andrology, 2(5), 678–686. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00234.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terriou, P., Hans, E., Giorgetti, C., Spach, J. L., Salzmann, J., Urrutia, V., & Roulier, R. (2000). Pentoxifylline initiates motility in spontaneously immotile epididymal and testicular spermatozoa and allows normal fertilization, pregnancy, and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 17(4), 194–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1009435732258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesarik, J., Thebault, A., & Testart, J. (1992). Effect of pentoxifylline on sperm movement characteristics in normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic specimens. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 7(9), 1257–1263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, L. K., Fleming, S. D., Aitken, R. J., De Iuliis, G. N., Zieschang, J. A., & Clark, A. M. (2009). Cryopreservation-induced human sperm DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress rather than apoptosis. Human Reproduction, 24(9), 2061–2070. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M., Lewis, S., & Morroll, D., British Fertility Society. (2013). Sperm quality and its relationship to natural and assisted conception: British Fertility Society guidelines for practice. Human Fertility (Cambridge, England), 16(3), 175–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2013.807522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tournaye, H., Janssens, R., Camus, M., Staessen, C., Devroey, P., & Van Steirteghem, A. (1993). Pentoxifylline is not useful in enhancing sperm function in cases with previous in vitro fertilization failure. Fertility and Sterility, 59(1), 210–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)55641-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tournaye, H., Van der Linden, M., Van den Abbeel, E., Devroey, P., & Van Steirteghem, A. (1993). Effect of pentoxifylline on implantation and post-implantation development of mouse embryos in vitro. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 8(11), 1948–1954. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unsal, E., Turan, V., Aktuna, S., Hurdag, C., Bereketoglu, G., Canillioglu, Y., Baltacı, A., Ozcan, S., Karayalcin, R., Batırbaygil, H., & Baltaci, V. (2016). Effects of pentoxifylline and platelet activating factor on sperm DNA damage. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 197, 125–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.12.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Furth, A. M., Verhard-Seijmonsbergen, E. M., van Furth, R., & Langermans, J. A. (1997). Effect of lisofylline and pentoxifylline on the bacterial-stimulated production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta IL-10 by human leucocytes. Immunology, 91(2), 193–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00252.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. J., Zhang, R. Q., Lin, Y. J., Zhang, R. G., & Zhang, W. L. (2012). Relationship between varicocele and sperm DNA damage and the effect of varicocele repair: A meta-analysis. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 25(3), 307–314. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Sharma, R. K., Agarwal, A., & Falcone, T. (2005). Effect of pentoxifylline in reducing oxidative stress-induced embryotoxicity. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 22(11–12), 415–417. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-005-7202-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar