Impact of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on assisted reproductive technology outcomes: a systematic review

References

• Baxter Bendus, A. E., Mayer, J. F., Shipley, S. K., & Catherino, W. H. (2006). Interobserver and intraobserver variation in day 3 embryo grading. Fertility and Sterility, 86(6), 1608–1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, J., & Moller, D. E. (2002). The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annual Review of Medicine, 53, 409–435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianconi, S., Santillán, M. E., Solís, M., Martini, A. C., Ponzio, M. F., Vincenti, L. M., Schiöth, H. B., Carlini, V. P., & Stutz, G. (2018). Effects of dietary omega-3 PUFAs on growth and development: Somatic, neurobiological and reproductive functions in a murine model. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 61, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burdge, G. C., & Wootton, S. A. (2002). Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. The British Journal of Nutrition, 88(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder, P. C. (2012). The role of marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis and plaque stability. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 56(7), 1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201100710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Rosner, B. A., & Willett, W. C. (2008). Use of multivitamins, intake of b vitamins, and risk of ovulatory infertility. Fertility and Sterility, 89(3), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu, Y. H., Karmon, A. E., Gaskins, A. J., Arvizu, M., Williams, P. L., Souter, I., Rueda, B. R., Hauser, R., & Chavarro, J. E. (2018). Serum omega-3 fatty acids and treatment outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction. Human Reproduction, 33(1), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comerford, K. P., Papadakis, M. H., Matthews, M. L., Marshburn, P. B., Usadi, R. S., Norton, H. J., & Hurst, B. S. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acids (o3fa) and embryo quality: Do erythrocyte levels affect in vitro fertilization (ivf) outcomes? Fertility and Sterility, 101(2), e22–e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, F. L., Skeaff, C. M., Green, T. J., & Gray, A. R. (2008). Serum n-3 long-chain PUFA differ by sex and age in a population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 99(1), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711450779387X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Winther, M. P., Kanters, E., Kraal, G., & Hofker, M. H. (2005). Nuclear factor kappaB signaling in atherogenesis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25(5), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000160340.72641.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirandeh, E., Towhidi, A., Zeinoaldini, S., Ganjkhanlou, M., Ansari Pirsaraei, Z., & Fouladi-Nashta, A. (2013). Effects of different polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations during the postpartum periods of early lactating dairy cows on milk yield, metabolic responses, and reproductive performances. Journal of Animal Science, 91(2), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elis, S., Desmarchais, A., Freret, S., Maillard, V., Labas, V., Cognié, J., Briant, E., Hivelin, C., Dupont, J., & Uzbekova, S. (2016). Effect of a long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on adipose tissue lipid profiles and gene expression in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(12), 10109–10127. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elis, S., Oseikria, M., Vitorino Carvalho, A., Bertevello, P. S., Corbin, E., Teixeira-Gomes, A.-P., Lecardonnel, J., Archilla, C., Duranthon, V., Labas, V., & Uzbekova, S. (2017). Docosahexaenoic acid mechanisms of action on the bovine oocyte-cumulus complex. Journal of Ovarian Research, 10(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-017-0370-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endo, J., & Arita, M. (2016). Cardioprotective mechanism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Cardiology, 67(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskew, A. M., Wormer, K. C., Matthews, M. L., Norton, H. J., Papadakis, M. A., & Hurst, B. S. (2017). The association between fatty acid index and in vitro fertilization outcomes. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 34(12), 1627–1632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-017-1032-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freret, S., Oseikria, M., Bourhis, D. L., Desmarchais, A., Briant, E., Desnoes, O., Dupont, M., Le Berre, L., Ghazouani, O., Bertevello, P. S., Teixeira-Gomes, A. P., Labas, V., Uzbekova, S., Salvetti, P., Maillard, V., & Elis, S. (2019). Effects of a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on embryo production in dairy cows. Reproduction, 158(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-18-0644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, K. L., LeBlanc, E. S., Vesco, K. K., & Stevens, V. J. (2015). Women's attitudes towards a pre-conception healthy lifestyle programme. Clinical Obesity, 5(2), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel, A., Pothineni, N. V., Singhal, M., Paydak, H., Saldeen, T., & Mehta, J. L. (2018). Fish, fish oils and cardioprotection: Promise or fish tale? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12), 3703. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossens, J., Van Hecke, A., Beeckman, D., & Verhaeghe, S. (2019). The intention to make preconception lifestyle changes in men: Associated socio-demographic and psychosocial factors. Midwifery, 73, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2018.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver, C. E., Friend, M. A., King, B. J., & Clayton, E. H. (2012). The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in reproduction of sheep and cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 131(1–2), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haglund, O., Mehta, J. L., & Saldeen, T. (1994). Effects of fish oil on some parameters of fibrinolysis and lipoprotein(a) in healthy subjects. The American Journal of Cardiology, 74(2), 189–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(94)90100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inamori, T., Goda, T., Kasezawa, N., & Yamakawa-Kobayashi, K. (2013). The combined effects of genetic variation in the SIRT1 gene and dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on serum LDL-C and HDL-C levels: A population based study. Lipids in Health and Disease, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-12-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida, T., Naoe, S., Nakakuki, M., Kawano, H., & Imada, K. (2015). Eicosapentaenoic acid prevents saturated fatty acid-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction: Involvement of long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetase. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 22(11), 1172–1185. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.28167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Anderson, J. T., Hannan, P., Keys, A., & Blackburn, H. (1983). Variability in individual serum cholesterol response to change in diet. Arteriosclerosis, 3(4), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.3.4.349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jain, A. P., Aggarwal, K. K., & Zhang, P. Y. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19(3), 441–445. https://www.europeanreview.org/article/8446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joelsson, L. S., Berglund, A., Wånggren, K., Lood, M., Rosenblad, A., & Tydén, T. (2016). Do subfertile women adjust their habits when trying to conceive? Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 121(3), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2016.1176094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungheim, E. S., Macones, G. A., Odem, R. R., Patterson, B. W., Lanzendorf, S. E., Ratts, V. S., & Moley, K. H. (2011). Associations between free fatty acids, cumulus oocyte complex morphology and ovarian function during in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 95(6), 1970–1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.01.154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack, A. J., Lowen, P., Wellstead, S. J., Fisk, H. L., Montag, M., Cheong, Y., Osmond, C., Houghton, F. D., Calder, P. C., & Macklon, N. S. (2020). Effect of a 6-week "Mediterranean" dietary intervention on in vitro human embryo development: The Preconception Dietary Supplements in Assisted Reproduction double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Fertility and Sterility, 113(2), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.09.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C.-H., Yoon, J.-W., Ahn, J.-W., Kang, H.-J., Lee, J.-W., & Kang, B.-M. (2010). The effect of supplementation with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids in intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles for infertile patients with a history of unexplained total fertilization failure. Fertility and Sterility, 94(4), S242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. J., Go, M. J., Hu, C., Hong, C. B., Kim, Y. K., Lee, J. Y., Hwang, J.-Y., Oh, J. H., Kim, D.-J., Kim, N. H., Kim, S., Hong, E. J., Kim, J.-H., Min, H., Kim, Y., Zhang, R., Jia, W., Okada, Y., Takahashi, A., … Cho, Y. S. (2011). Large-scale genome-wide association studies in East Asians identify new genetic loci influencing metabolic traits. Nature Genetics, 43(10), 990–995. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kromhout, D., Yasuda, S., Geleijnse, J. M., & Shimokawa, H. (2012). Fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease: do they really work? European Heart Journal, 33(4), 436–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattka, E., Illig, T., Koletzko, B., & Heinrich, J. (2010). Genetic variants of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster as related to essential fatty acid metabolism. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 21(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283327ca8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lévesque, J. T., & Sirard, M. A. (1995). Effects of different kinases and phosphatases on nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of bovine oocytes. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 42(1), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080420115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy, J., Vanholder, T., Mateusen, B., Christophe, A., Opsomer, G., de Kruif, A., Genicot, G., & Van Soom, A. (2005). Non-esterified fatty acids in follicular fluid of dairy cows and their effect on developmental capacity of bovine oocytes in vitro. Reproduction, 130(4), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, J., Williams, C. M., Calder, P. C., Lietz, G., Miles, E. A., Cordell, H., Mathers, J. C., & Minihane, A. M. (2011). The impact of common gene variants on the response of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk to increased fish oil fatty acids intakes. Annual Review of Nutrition, 31, 203–234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-010411-095239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusardottir, A. R., Steingrimsdottir, L., Thorgeirsdottir, H., Gunnlaugsson, G., & Skuladottir, G. V. (2009). Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of women of reproductive age is positively associated with oral contraceptive use and physical activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 80(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2008.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattos, R., Staples, C. R., & Thatcher, W. W. (2000). Effects of dietary fatty acids on reproduction in ruminants. Reviews of Reproduction, 5(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1530/ror.0.0050038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattos, R., Staples, C. R., Arteche, A., Wiltbank, M. C., Diaz, F. J., Jenkins, T. C., & Thatcher, W. W. (2004). The effects of feeding fish oil on uterine secretion of PGF2alpha, milk composition, and metabolic status of periparturient Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4), 921–932. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73236-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moallem, U. (2018). Invited review: Roles of dietary n-3 fatty acids in performance, milk fat composition, and reproductive and immune systems in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(10), 8641–8661. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, L. J., Tsagareli, V., Noakes, M., & Norman, R. (2016). Altered preconception fatty acid intake is associated with improved pregnancy rates in overweight and obese women undertaking in vitro fertilisation. Nutrients, 8(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8010010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami, K., Chan, S. Y., & Routtenberg, A. (1986). Protein kinase C activation by cis-fatty acid in the absence of Ca2+ and phospholipids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261(33), 15424–15429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66728-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehra, D., Le, H. D., Fallon, E. M., Carlson, S. J., Woods, D., White, Y. A., Pan, A. H., Guo, L., Rodig, S. J., Tilly, J. L., Rueda, B. R., & Puder, M. (2012). Prolonging the female reproductive lifespan and improving egg quality with dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Aging Cell, 11(6), 1046–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHS, C. (2011). Supplements who needs them. A Behind the Headlines Report. UK: NHS. https://1library.net/document/y9343lvy-supplements-needs-headlines-report-june.html?utm_source=related_list
   Google Scholar
• Nouri, K., Walch, K., Weghofer, A., Imhof, M., Egarter, C., & Ott, J. (2017). The impact of a standardized oral multinutrient supplementation on embryo quality in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection: A prospective randomized trial. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 82(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omura, M., Kobayashi, S., Mizukami, Y., Mogami, K., Todoroki-Ikeda, N., Miyake, T., & Matsuzaki, M. (2001). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces Ca(2+)-independent activation and translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. FEBS Letters, 487(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02351-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oseikria, M., Elis, S., Maillard, V., Corbin, E., & Uzbekova, S. (2016). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA during IVM affected oocyte developmental competence in cattle. Theriogenology, 85(9), 1625–1634.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkan, S., Jindal, S., Greenseid, K., Shu, J., Zeitlian, G., Hickmon, C., & Pal, L. (2010). Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 94(4), 1314–1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlosky, R., Hibbeln, J., Lin, Y., & Salem, N. Jr. (2003). N-3 fatty acid metabolism in women. The British Journal of Nutrition, 90(5), 993–994. Discussion 994–995. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2003985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit, H., & Twagiramungu, H. (2006). Conception rate and reproductive function of dairy cows fed different fat sources. Theriogenology, 66(5), 1316–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petroczi, A., Taylor, G., & Naughton, D. P. (2011). Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(2), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robker, R. L., Akison, L. K., Bennett, B. D., Thrupp, P. N., Chura, L. R., Russell, D. L., Lane, M., & Norman, R. J. (2009). Obese women exhibit differences in ovarian metabolites, hormones, and gene expression compared with moderate-weight women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(5), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samplaski, M. K., & Clemesha, C. G. (2018). Discrepancies between the internet and academic literature regarding vitamin use for male infertility. Translational Andrology and Urology, 7(Suppl 2), S193–S197. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.05.01
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaeffer, L., Gohlke, H., Müller, M., Heid, I. M., Palmer, L. J., Kompauer, I., Demmelmair, H., Illig, T., Koletzko, B., & Heinrich, J. (2006). Common genetic variants of the FADS1 FADS2 gene cluster and their reconstructed haplotypes are associated with the fatty acid composition in phospholipids. Human Molecular Genetics, 15(11), 1745–1756. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaaker, M., Rahimipour, A., Nouri, M., Khanaki, K., Darabi, M., Farzadi, L., Shahnazi, V., & Mehdizadeh, A. (2012). Fatty acid composition of human follicular fluid phospholipids and fertilization rate in assisted reproductive techniques. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 16(3), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.6091/ibj.1081.2012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Showell, M. G., Mackenzie-Proctor, R., Jordan, V., & Hart, R. J. (2017). Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7(7), CD007807. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simopoulos, A. P. (2006). Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: Nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, 60(9), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos, A. P. (2010). Genetic variants in the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids: Their role in the determination of nutritional requirements and chronic disease risk. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 235(7), 785–795. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.009298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinedino, L. D., Honda, P. M., Souza, L. R., Lock, A. L., Boland, M. P., Staples, C. R., Thatcher, W. W., & Santos, J. E. (2017). Effects of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid on reproduction of dairy cows. Reproduction, 153(5), 707–723. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirard, M. A., Florman, H. M., Leibfried-Rutledge, M. L., Barnes, F. L., Sims, M. L., & First, N. L. (1989). Timing of nuclear progression and protein synthesis necessary for meiotic maturation of bovine oocytes. Biology of Reproduction, 40(6), 1257–1263. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod40.6.1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarke, C., Alamuddin, N., Lawson, J. A., Li, X., Ferguson, J. F., Reilly, M. P., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2015). Bioactive products formed in humans from fish oils. Journal of Lipid Research, 56(9), 1808–1820. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M060392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, K. D., Beblo, S., Murthy, M., Whitty, J. E., Buda-Abela, M., Janisse, J., Rockett, H., Martier, S. S., Sokol, R. J., Hannigan, J. H., & Salem, N. Jr. (2005). Alcohol consumption in pregnant, black women is associated with decreased plasma and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(1), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000150013.65416.06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr, A., Venetis, C. A., Cooke, S., Kilani, S., & Ledger, W. (2017). Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement between embryologists during selection of a single day 5 embryo for transfer: A multicenter study. Human Reproduction, 32(2), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturmey, R. G., Reis, A., Leese, H. J., & McEvoy, T. G. (2009). Role of fatty acids in energy provision during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. Reproduction in Domestic Animals = Zuchthygiene, 44(Suppl 3), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01402.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teslovich, T. M., Musunuru, K., Smith, A. V., Edmondson, A. C., Stylianou, I. M., Koseki, M., Pirruccello, J. P., Ripatti, S., Chasman, D. I., Willer, C. J., Johansen, C. T., Fouchier, S. W., Isaacs, A., Peloso, G. M., Barbalic, M., Ricketts, S. L., Bis, J. C., Aulchenko, Y. S., Thorleifsson, G., … Kathiresan, S. (2010). Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature, 466(7307), 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urman, B., & Oktem, O. (2014). Food and drug supplements to improve fertility outcomes. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 32(4), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valckx, S. D., Arias-Alvarez, M., De Pauw, I., Fievez, V., Vlaeminck, B., Fransen, E., Bols, P. E., & Leroy, J. L. (2014). Fatty acid composition of the follicular fluid of normal weight, overweight and obese women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 12, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-12-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wathes, D. C., Abayasekara, D. R., & Aitken, R. J. (2007). Polyunsaturated fatty acids in male and female reproduction. Biology of Reproduction, 77(2), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.107.060558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi, S., Fukuda, D., Aihara, K. I., Akaike, M., Shimabukuro, M., & Sata, M. (2017). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Promising nutrients for preventing cardiovascular disease. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 24(10), 999–1010. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, D., Ghebremeskel, K., Crawford, M. A., & Reifen, R. (2006). Vitamin A deficiency enhances docosahexaenoic and osbond acids in liver of rats fed an alpha linolenic acid-adequate diet. Lipids, 41(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5090-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar