Potential influence of COVID-19 and dexamethasone on the reproductive system: what we know and can expect

References

• Ain, R., Canham, L. N., & Soares, M. J. (2005). Dexamethasone-induced intrauterine growth restriction impacts the placental prolactin family, insulin-like growth factor-II and the Akt signaling pathway. The Journal of Endocrinology, 185(2), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken, R. J. (2021). COVID-19 and human spermatozoa-Potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission? Andrology, 9(1), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqaryyan, M., Kilarkaje, N., Mouihate, A., & Al-Bader, M. D. (2017). Dexamethasone-induced intrauterine growth restriction is associated with altered expressions of metastasis tumor antigens and cell cycle control proteins in rat placentas. Reproductive Sciences, 24(8), 1164–1175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719116681518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barragan, M., Guillen, J. J., Martin-Palomino, N., Rodriguez, A., & Vassena, R. (2021). Undetectable viral RNA in oocytes from SARS-CoV-2 positive women. Human Reproduction, 36(2), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barroso, P. A. A., Paulino, L., Silva, B. R., Vasconcelos, G. L., Gomes, D. S., Lima Neto, M. F., Silva, A. W. B., Souza, A. L. P., Donato, M. A. M., Peixoto, C. A., & Silva, J. R. V. (2020). Effects of dexamethasone on growth, viability and ultrastructure of bovine secondary follicles cultured in vitro. Zygote, 28(6), 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199420000416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benediktsson, R., Lindsay, R. S., Noble, J., Seckl, J. R., & Edwards, C. R. (1993). Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet, 341(8841), 339–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)90138-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brann, D. W., & Mahesh, V. B. (1991). Role of corticosteroids in female reproduction. FASEB Journal, 5(12), 2691–2698. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.5.12.1655548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardona Maya, W. D., Du Plessis, S. S., & Velilla, P. A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and the testis: similarity with other viruses and routes of infection. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 40(6), 763–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, A. E., Quill, T. A., Westenbroek, R. E., Schuh, S. M., Hille, B., & Babcock, D. F. (2005). Identical phenotypes of CatSper1 and CatSper2 null sperm. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(37), 32238–32244. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M501430200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, F., Teixeira, T. A., Bernardes, F. S., Pereira, M. S., Milani, G., Duarte-Neto, A. N., Kallas, E. G., Saldiva, P. H. N., Chammas, M. C., & Hallak, J. (2021). Radiological patterns of incidental epididymitis in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients revealed by colour Doppler ultrasound. Andrologia, 53(4), e13973. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran, U. R., Attardi, B., Friedman, R., Dong, K. W., Roberts, J. L., & DeFranco, D. B. (1994). Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated repression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone promoter activity in GT1 hypothalamic cell lines. Endocrinology, 134(3), 1467–1474. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.134.3.8119188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. Y., Yang, J. G., & Li, P. S. (2000). Effect of dexamethasone on the expression of p34(cdc2) and cyclin B1 in pig oocytes in vitro. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 56(1), 74–79. (1), https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(200005)56:1 < 74::AID-MRD9 > 3.0.CO;2-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Wang, F. F., Gao, H. B., & Zhang, P. (2012). Stress induces glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis of rat Leydig cells in vivo. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 15(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2011.585188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costedoat-Chalumeau, N., Amoura, Z., Le Thi Hong, D., Wechsler, B., Vauthier, D., Ghillani, P., Papo, T., Fain, O., Musset, L., & Piette, J. C. (2003). Questions about dexamethasone use for the prevention of anti-SSA related congenital heart block. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 62(10), 1010–1012. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.10.1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, P., Chen, Z., Wang, T., Dai, J., Zhang, J., Ding, T., Jiang, J., Liu, J., Zhang, C., Shan, W., Wang, S., Rong, Y., Chang, J., Miao, X., Ma, X., & Wang, S. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection in the female lower genital tract. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(1), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dare, J. B., Arogundade, B., Awoniyi, O. O., Adegoke, A. A., & Adekomi, D. A. (2018). Dexamethasone as endocrine disruptor; type I and type II (anti) oestrogenic actions on the ovary and uterus of adult Wistar rats (Rattus Novergicus). JBRA Assisted Reproduction, 22(4), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20180061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte-Neto, A. N., Teixeira, T. A., Caldini, E. G., Kanamura, C. T., Gomes-Gouvea, M. S., Dos Santos, A. B. G., Monteiro, R. A. A., Pinho, J. R. R., Mauad, T., da Silva, L. F. F., Saldiva, P. H. N., Dolhnikoff, M., Leite, K. R. M., & Hallak, J. (2022). Testicular pathology in fatal COVID-19: A descriptive autopsy study. Andrology, 10(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris, R. A., & McCue, P. M. (2010). The effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone on pituitary and ovarian function in the mare. Equine Veterinary Journal, 42(5), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00034.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fioratti, E. G., Balbin Villaverde, A. I. S., Melo, C. M., Tsunemi, M. H., Papa, F. O., & Alvarenga, M. A. (2012). Influence of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on viability and fertility of equine semen. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 32(12), 771–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Pliego, A., Miranda, J., Vega-Torreblanca, S., Valdespino-Vazquez, Y., Helguera-Repetto, C., Espejel-Nunez, A., Borboa-Olivares, H., Espino, Y. S. S., Mateu-Rogell, P., Leon-Juarez, M., Ramirez-Santes, V., Cardona-Perez, A., Villegas-Mota, I., Torres-Torres, J., Juarez-Reyes, A., Rizo-Pica, T., Gonzalez, R. O., Gonzalez-Mariscal, L., & Estrada-Gutierrez, G. (2021). Molecular insights into the thrombotic and microvascular injury in placental endothelium of women with mild or severe COVID-19. Cells, 10(2), 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraietta, R., de Carvalho, R. C., Camillo, J., Groner, M. F., Truzzi, J., Petkov, C. N., Barradas, V., Homsi, C., Bellei, N., & Oehninger, S. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 is not found in human semen during mild COVID-19 acute stage. Andrologia, 54(1), e14286. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.14286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraietta, R., Pasqualotto, F. F., Roque, M., & Taitson, P. F. (2020). SARS-COV-2 and Male Reproductive Health. JBRA Assisted Reproduction, 24(3), 347–350. https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20200047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagliardi, L., Bertacca, C., Centenari, C., Merusi, I., Parolo, E., Ragazzo, V., & Tarabella, V. (2020). Orchiepididymitis in a Boy With COVID-19. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 39(8), e200–e202. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000002769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaon, D., & Liptrap, R. M. (1989). Effect of dexamethasone on secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the boar. Theriogenology, 32(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(89)90523-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R., Ruiz-Leon, Y., Gomendio, M., & Roldan, E. R. (2010). The effect of glucocorticoids on mouse oocyte in vitro maturation and subsequent fertilization and embryo development. Toxicology in Vitro : An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 24(1), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore, A. C., Attardi, B., & DeFranco, D. B. (2006). Glucocorticoid repression of the reproductive axis: effects on GnRH and gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 256(1-2), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2006.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grana, X., & Reddy, E. P. (1995). Cell cycle control in mammalian cells: role of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), growth suppressor genes and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). Oncogene, 11(2), 211–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guller, S., Markiewicz, L., Wozniak, R., Burnham, J. M., Wang, E. Y., Kaplan, P., & Lockwood, C. J. (1994). Developmental regulation of glucocorticoid-mediated effects on extracellular matrix protein expression in the human placenta. Endocrinology, 134(5), 2064–2071. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.134.5.8156906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunin, A. G., Mashin, I. N., & Zakharov, D. A. (2001). Proliferation, mitosis orientation and morphogenetic changes in the uterus of mice following chronic treatment with both estrogen and glucocorticoid hormones. The Journal of Endocrinology, 169(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1690023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, J., Fang, M., Zhuang, S., Qiao, Y., Huang, W., Gong, Q., Xu, D., Zhang, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Prenatal dexamethasone exposure exerts sex-specific effect on placental oxygen and nutrient transport ascribed to the differential expression of IGF2. Annals of Translational Medicine, 8(5), 233. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.12.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, K. J., Zhao, F. C., Guo, Y., Li, F. L., Zhu, L., & Zheng, W. (2014). The influence of age, gender and treatment with steroids on the incidence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head during the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a retrospective study. The Bone & Joint Journal, 96-B(2), 259–262. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.96B2.31935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur, C., Diav-Citrin, O., Shechtman, S., Arnon, J., & Ornoy, A. (2004). Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to corticosteroids: a prospective controlled study. Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.), 18(1), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallak, J., Teixeira, T. A., Bernardes, F. S., Carneiro, F., Duarte, S. A. S., Pariz, J. R., Esteves, S. C., Kallas, E., & Saldiva, P. H. N. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with the genitourinary tract: Implications for male reproductive health in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Andrology, 9(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasona, N. A. (2018). Grape seed extract attenuates dexamethasone-induced testicular and thyroid dysfunction in male albino rats. Andrologia, 50(5), e13002. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann, N., Edimiris, P., Andree, M., Doehmen, C., Baston-Buest, D., Adams, O., Kruessel, J. S., & Bielfeld, A. P. (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study. Fertility and Sterility, 114(2), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horby, P., Lim, W. S., Emberson, J. R., Mafham, M., Bell, J. L., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., Ustianowski, A., Elmahi, E., Prudon, B., Green, C., Felton, T., Chadwick, D., Rege, K., Fegan, C., Chappell, L. C., Faust, S. N., Jaki, T., … Landray, M. J, RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalised Patients with Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine,, 384(8), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, T. J., & Shirley Li, P. (2001). Dexamethasone inhibits luteinizing hormone-induced synthesis of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in cultured rat preovulatory follicles. Biology of Reproduction, 64(1), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod64.1.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hułas-Stasiak, M., Dobrowolski, P., & Tomaszewska, E. (2016). Prenatally administered dexamethasone impairs folliculogenesis in spiny mouse offspring. Reproduction, Fertility, and Development, 28(7), 1038–1048. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD14224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ing, N. H., Forrest, D. W., Riggs, P. K., Loux, S., Love, C. C., Brinsko, S. P., Varner, D. D., & Welsh, T. H. Jr (2014). Dexamethasone acutely down-regulates genes involved in steroidogenesis in stallion testes. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 143, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal, N., Puri, M., Agarwal, K., Singh, S., Yadav, R., Tiwary, N., Tayal, P., & Vats, B. (2021). COVID-19 as an independent risk factor for subclinical placental dysfunction. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 259, 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.01.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeje, S. O., Akindele, O. O., Balogun, M. E., & Raji, Y. (2016). Maternal treatment with dexamethasone during lactation delays male puberty and disrupts reproductive functions via hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis alterations. Pathophysiology : The Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology, 23(1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.12.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jing, Y., Run-Qian, L., Hao-Ran, W., Hao-Ran, C., Ya-Bin, L., Yang, G., & Fei, C. (2020). Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Molecular Human Reproduction, 26(6), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gaaa030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, A. S., & Mannervik, B. (2002). Active-site residues governing high steroid isomerase activity in human glutathione transferase A3-3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(19), 16648–16654. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201062200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradmand, N., Kamkar, R., Moshajjari, M., & Baazm, M. (2019). Effect of selenium and pentoxifylline on expression of CATSPER1 and 2 genes and FSH/LH levels in treated mice by dexamethasone. Andrologia, 51(6), e13279. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorsandi, L., Mirhoseini, M., Mohamadpour, M., Orazizadeh, M., & Khaghani, S. (2013). Effect of curcumin on dexamethasone-induced testicular toxicity in mice. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.716854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koji, T., Hishikawa, Y., Ando, H., Nakanishi, Y., & Kobayashi, N. (2001). Expression of Fas and Fas ligand in normal and ischemia-reperfusion testes: involvement of the Fas system in the induction of germ cell apoptosis in the damaged mouse testis. Biology of Reproduction, 64(3), 946–954. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod64.3.946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajic, S., Wedell, A., Bui, T. H., Ritzén, E. M., & Holst, M. (1998). Long-term somatic follow-up of prenatally treated children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83(11), 3872–3880. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.11.5233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D., Jin, M., Bao, P., Zhao, W., & Zhang, S. (2020). Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(5), e208292. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., Lu, H., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Wang, T., Liu, Q., Yang, Q., & Qiang, L. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on female fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open, 11(2), e045524. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., Yin, T., Fang, F., Li, Q., Chen, J., Wang, Y., Hao, Y., Wu, G., Duan, P., Wang, Y., Cheng, D., Zhou, Q., Zafar, M. I., Xiong, C., Li, H., Yang, J., & Qiao, J. (2020). Potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproductive health. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 41(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Librach, C. L., Feigenbaum, S. L., Bass, K. E., Cui, T. Y., Verastas, N., Sadovsky, Y., Quigley, J. P., French, D. L., & Fisher, S. J. (1994). Interleukin-1 beta regulates human cytotrophoblast metalloproteinase activity and invasion in vitro. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(25), 17125–17131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32529-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobley, A., Pierron, V., Reynolds, L., Allen, L., & Michalovich, D. (2003). Identification of human and mouse CatSper3 and CatSper4 genes: characterisation of a common interaction domain and evidence for expression in testis. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 1(1), 53. 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-1-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu, J., Li, Q., Xu, D., Liao, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Programming of a developmental imbalance in hypothalamic glutamatergic/GABAergic afferents mediates low basal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure in male offspring rats. Toxicology Letters, 331, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, F., Wan, Y., Chen, Y., Pei, L., Luo, D., Fan, G., Luo, M., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2018). Prenatal Dexamethasone Exposure Induced Ovarian Developmental Toxicity and Transgenerational Effect in Rat Offspring. Endocrinology, 159(3), 1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., Ryu, J. S., Dulay, A., Segal, M., & Guller, S. (2002). Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression in a human trophoblast cell line by glucocorticoid (GC) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Placenta, 23(10), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(02)90863-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, H., Mahmoud, O., Layasadat, K., & Naeim, A. (2009). Dexamethasone effects on Bax expression in the mouse testicular germ cells. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica, 47(2), 237–241. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10042-009-0041-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannur, S., Jabeen, T., Khader, M. A., & Rao, L. (2021). Post-COVID-19-associated decline in long-term male fertility and embryo quality during assisted reproductive technology. QJM : monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 114(5), 328–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massarotti, C., Garolla, A., Maccarini, E., Scaruffi, P., Stigliani, S., Anserini, P., & Foresta, C. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 in the semen: Where does it come from? Andrology, 9(1), 39–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura, T., Imamichi, Y., Mizutani, T., Ju, Y., Yazawa, T., Kawabe, S., Kanno, M., Ayabe, T., Katsumata, N., Fukami, M., Inatani, M., Akagi, Y., Umezawa, A., Ogata, T., & Miyamoto, K. (2013). Human glutathione S-transferase A (GSTA) family genes are regulated by steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and are involved in steroidogenesis. FASEB Journal : official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 27(8), 3198–3208. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-222745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, A. E., & Papageorghiou, A. T. (2008). Potential significance of physiological and pharmacological glucocorticoids in early pregnancy. Human Reproduction Update, 14(5), 497–517. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisiadis, V. G., & Matthews, S. G. (2014). Glucocorticoids and fetal programming part 2: Mechanisms. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 10(7), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2014.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okcelik, S. (2021). COVID-19 pneumonia causes lower testosterone levels. Andrologia, 53(1), e13909. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13909
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ozer Kaya, S., Erisir, M., Gur, S., Kandemir, F. M., Benzer, F., Kaya, E., Sonmez, M., & Turk, G. (2020). The changes in semen quality, arginase activity and nitric oxide level in dexamethasone-treated rams. Andrologia, 52(2), e13464. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özveri, H., Eren, M. T., Kırışoğlu, C. E., & Sarıgüzel, N. (2020). Atypical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in male genitalia. Urology Case Reports, 33, 101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, F., Xiao, X., Guo, J., Song, Y., Li, H., Patel, D. P., Spivak, A. M., Alukal, J. P., Zhang, X., Xiong, C., Li, P. S., & Hotaling, J. M. (2020). No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertility and Sterility, 113(6), 1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoli, D., Pallotti, F., Colangelo, S., Basilico, F., Mazzuti, L., Turriziani, O., Antonelli, G., Lenzi, A., & Lombardo, F. (2020). Study of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso-pharyngeal swab. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 43(12), 1819–1822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01261-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield, C. A., Brubaker, S. G., Limaye, M. A., Lighter, J., Ratner, A. J., Thomas, K. M., Meyer, J. A., & Roman, A. S. (2020). Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in placental and fetal membrane samples. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 2(3), 100133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porto, A. M., Coutinho, I. C., Correia, J. B., & Amorim, M. M. (2011). Effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroids in reducing respiratory disorders in late preterm infants: randomised clinical trial. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 342, d1696. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d1696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, H., Moran, M. M., Navarro, B., Chong, J. A., Krapivinsky, G., Krapivinsky, L., Kirichok, Y., Ramsey, I. S., Quill, T. A., & Clapham, D. E. (2007). All four CatSper ion channel proteins are required for male fertility and sperm cell hyperactivated motility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(4), 1219–1223. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610286104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, L., Liu, X., Xiao, M., Xie, J., Cao, W., Liu, Z., Morse, A., Xie, Y., Li, T., & Zhu, L. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the Vaginal Fluid of Women With Severe COVID-19 Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(15), 813–817. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayman, G., Lumb, A. N., Kennon, B., Cottrell, C., Nagi, D., Page, E., Voigt, D., Courtney, H. C., Atkins, H., Higgins, K., Platts, J., Dhatariya, K., Patel, M., Newland-Jones, P., Narendran, P., Kar, P., Burr, O., Thomas, S., & Stewart, R. (2021). Dexamethasone therapy in COVID-19 patients: implications and guidance for the management of blood glucose in people with and without diabetes. Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association, 38(1), e14378. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockwell, L. C., & Koos, R. D. (2009). Dexamethasone enhances fertility and preovulatory serum prolactin levels in eCG/hCG primed immature rats. The Journal of Reproduction and Development, 55(3), 247–251. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.20108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, Y., Hu, B., Liu, Z., Liu, K., Jiang, H., Li, H., Li, R., Luan, Y., Liu, X., Yu, G., Xu, S., Yuan, X., Wang, S., Yang, W., Ye, Z., Liu, J., & Wang, T. (2021). No detection of SARS-CoV-2 from urine, expressed prostatic secretions, and semen in 74 recovered COVID-19 male patients: A perspective and urogenital evaluation. Andrology, 9(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, C. D., Millar, J. E., & Baillie, J. K. (2020). Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. The Lancet, 395(10223), 473–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sami, M., Farzaneh, N., Mohri, M., & Seifi, H. A. (2017). Effects of dexamethasone and insulin alone or in combination on reproduction in dairy cows in early lactation. Revue de Médecine Véterinaire, 168((1-3), 2–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, A., Yogev, Y., Zilberman, A., Alpern, S., Many, A., Yousovich, R., & Gamzu, R. (2021). Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vaginal swabs of women with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study. BJOG : An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 128(1), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorzolini, L., Corpolongo, A., Castilletti, C., Lalle, E., Mariano, A., & Nicastri, E. (2020). Comment on the Potential Risks of Sexual and Vertical Transmission of COVID-19. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 71(16), 2298. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Du, R., & Cao, B. (2020). On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Lancet (London, England), 395(10225), 683–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30361-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebe, H., Baude, G., Lichtenstein, I., Wang, D., Buhler, H., Hoyer, G. A., & Hierholzer, K. (1993). Metabolism of dexamethasone: sites and activity in mammalian tissues. Renal Physiology and Biochemistry, 16(1-2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1159/000173753
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siler-Khodr, T. M., Forman, J., & Sorem, K. A. (1995). Dose-related effect of IGF-I on placental prostanoid release. Prostaglandins, 49(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-6980(94)00001-D
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva, A. W. B., Ribeiro, R. P., Menezes, V. G., Barberino, R. S., Passos, J. R. S., Dau, A. M. P., Costa, J. J. N., Melo, L. R. F., Bezerra, F. T. G., Donato, M. A. M., Peixoto, C. A., Matos, M. H. T., Goncalves, P. B. D., van den Hurk, R., & Silva, J. R. V. (2017). Expression of TNF-alpha system members in bovine ovarian follicles and the effects of TNF-alpha or dexamethasone on preantral follicle survival, development and ultrastructure in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science, 182, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soleimani Mehranjani, M., Azizi, M., & Sadeghzadeh, F. (2022). The effect of melatonin on testis histological changes and spermatogenesis indexes in mice following treatment with dexamethasone. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(3), 1140–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2020.1809672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff, A. C., Fjeldstad, H. E., Fosheim, I. K., Moe, K., Turowski, G., Johnsen, G. M., Alnaes-Katjavivi, P., & Sugulle, M. (2020). Failure of physiological transformation and spiral artery atherosis: their roles in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 226(2S), S895–S906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sun, X. H., Zhu, Y. Y., Wang, L., Liu, H. L., Ling, Y., Li, Z. L., & Sun, L. B. (2017). The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility: a systematic review. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E, 15(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-017-0281-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Synowiec, A., Szczepański, A., Barreto-Duran, E., Lie, L. K., & Pyrc, K. (2021). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34(2), e0013320. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00133-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, C., Wang, Y., Lv, H., Guan, Z., & Gu, J. (2020). Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment. Lancet (London, England), 395(10239), 1759–1760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30749-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, T. A., Bernardes, F. S., Oliveira, Y. C., Hsieh, M. K., Esteves, S. C., Duarte-Neto, A. N., Kallas, E. G., & Hallak, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 and Multi-Organ damage - What men’s health specialists should know about the COVID-19 pathophysiology. International Brazil journal Urology, 47(3), 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.0872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetsuka, M., Milne, M., Simpson, G. E., & Hillier, S. G. (1999). Expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucocorticoid receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor genes in rat ovary. Biology of Reproduction, 60(2), 330–335. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod60.2.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsantarliotou, M. P., Taitzoglou, I. A., Goulas, P., & Kokolis, N. A. (2002). Dexamethasone reduces acrosin activity of ram spermatozoa. Andrologia, 34(3), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0272.2002.00491.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unek, G., Ozmen, A., Kipmen-Korgun, D., & Korgun, E. T. (2012). Immunolocalization of PCNA, Ki67, p27 and p57 in normal and dexamethasone-induced intrauterine growth restriction placental development in rat. Acta Histochemica, 114(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, J. P., Souza, J. P., Gülmezoglu, A. M., Mori, R., Lumbiganon, P., Qureshi, Z., Carroli, G., Laopaiboon, M., Fawole, B., Ganchimeg, T., Zhang, J., Torloni, M. R., Bohren, M., & Temmerman, M, WHO Multi-Country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network (2014). Use of antenatal corticosteroids and tocolytic drugs in preterm births in 29 countries: an analysis of the WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Lancet, 384(9957), 1869–1877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60580-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, A., McKinlay, C., Middleton, P., Harding, J. E., & Crowther, C. A. (2022). Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4(7), CD003935. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whirledge, S., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2013). A role for glucocorticoids in stress-impaired reproduction: beyond the hypothalamus and pituitary. Endocrinology, 154(12), 4450–4468. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintour, E. M., Alcorn, D., McFarlane, A., Moritz, K., Potocnik, S. J., & Tangalakis, K. (1994). Effect of maternal glucocorticoid treatment on fetal fluids in sheep at 0.4 gestation. The American Journal of Physiology, 266(4 Pt 2), R1174–1181. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.4.R1174
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodworth, K. R., Olsen, E. O., Neelam, V., Lewis, E. L., Galang, R. R., Oduyebo, T., Aveni, K., Yazdy, M. M., Harvey, E., Longcore, N. D., Barton, J., Fussman, C., Siebman, S., Lush, M., Patrick, P. H., Halai, U.-A., Valencia-Prado, M., Orkis, L., Sowunmi, S., … Tong, V. T, COVID-19 Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team (PILOT) (2020). Birth and Infant Outcomes Following Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy - SET-NET, 16 Jurisdictions, March 29-October 14, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(44), 1635–1640. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., Geng, C., Sun, W., & Tan, M. (2020). Incidence and Risk Factors of Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Dexamethasone-Based Regimens. BioMed Research International, 2020, 7126982. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7126982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Chen, S., Huang, B., Zhong, J. M., Su, H., Chen, Y. J., Cao, Q., Ma, L., He, J., Li, X. F., Li, X., Zhou, J. J., Fan, J., Luo, D. J., Chang, X. N., Arkun, K., Zhou, M., & Nie, X. (2020). Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. European Urology Focus, 6(5), 1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yinon, Y., Haas, J., Mazaki-Tovi, S., Lapidot, N., Mazkereth, R., Hourvitz, A., Sivan, E., Schiff, E., & Weisz, B. (2012). Should patients with documented fetal lung immaturity after 34 weeks of gestation be treated with steroids? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 207(3)222, e221-224–222.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, X. H., Yang, B. Q., Hu, Y., Fan, Y. Y., Zhang, L. X., Zhou, J. C., Wang, Y. Q., Lu, C. L., & Ma, X. (2014). Dexamethasone altered steroidogenesis and changed redox status of granulosa cells. Endocrine, 47(2), 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0250-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun, H. J., Lee, J. Y., & Kim, M. H. (2016). Prenatal exposure to dexamethasone disturbs sex-determining gene expression and fetal testosterone production in male embryos. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 471(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambrano, L. D., Ellington, S., Strid, P., Galang, R. R., Oduyebo, T., Tong, V. T., Woodworth, K. R., Nahabedian, J. F., 3rd, Azziz-Baumgartner, E., Gilboa, S. M., & Meaney-Delman, D, CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team (2020). Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status - United States, January 22-October 3, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(44), 1641–1647. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, P., Wong, C., DePinho, R. A., Harper, J. W., & Elledge, S. J. (1998). Cooperation between the Cdk inhibitors p27(KIP1) and p57(KIP2) in the control of tissue growth and development. Genes & Development, 12(20), 3162–3167. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.12.20.3162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, M., Chen, D., Zhu, Y., Xiong, X., Ding, Y., Guo, F., Zhu, M., & Zhou, J. (2021). Long-term sero-positivity for IgG, sequelae of respiratory symptoms, and abundance of malformed sperms in a patient recovered from severe COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 40(7), 1559–1567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-021-04178-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar