References

• Alda‐Vidal, C., Browne, A. L., & Hoolohan, C. (2020). “Unflushables”: establishing a global agenda for action on everyday practices associated with sewer blockages, water quality, and plastic pollution. WIREs Water, 7(4), e1452. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1452
   Google Scholar
• Alda-Vidal, C., Kooy, M., & Rusca, M. (2018). Mapping operation and maintenance: an everyday urbanism analysis of inequalities within piped water supply in Lilongwe, Malawi. Urban Geography, 39(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1292664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth, A. (2015). Witchcraft, Justice, and Human Rights in Africa: cases from Malawi. African Studies Review, 58(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bank, W. (2017). Lilongwe Water and Sanitation Project (P163794): Project Appraisal Document. The World Bank. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P163794
   Google Scholar
• Bhor, G., & Ponkshe, S. (2018). A Decentralized and sustainable solution to the problems of Dumping Menstrual Waste into Landfills and Related Health Hazards in India. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(3), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n3p334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, L. B. (2018, August 31). How One Woman Is Starting A Menstrual Revolution in Kenya. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2018/08/31/woman-starting-menstrual-revolution-kenya/#55cadd262044
   Google Scholar
• Boakye-Ansah, A. S., Ferrero, G., Rusca, M., & Van Der Zaag, P. (2016). Inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water supplies in urban areas: The case of Lilongwe, Malawi. Journal of Water and Health, 14(5), 851–863. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, A. L. (2015). Insights from the everyday: Implications of reframing the governance of water supply and demand from ‘people’ to ‘practice’. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2(4), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne, A. L. (2016). Can people talk together about their practices? Focus groups, humour and the sensitive dynamics of everyday life. Area, 48(2), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, T. (1993). Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women: Commodification, consumption, and cleanliness in modern Zimbabwe. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chindime, C. (2012). Menstrual Hygiene Management in Malawian Schools. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Malawi_MHM_Conf.pdf?TB_iframe=true&width=921.6&height=921.6
   Google Scholar
• Chunga, R. M., Ensink, J. H. J., Jenkins, M. W., & Brown, J. (2016). Adopt or Adapt: Sanitation Technology Choices in Urbanizing Malawi. Plos One, 11(8), e0161262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Dombroski, K. (2015). Multiplying possibilities: A postdevelopment approach to hygiene and sanitation in Northwest China. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 56(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elledge, M., Muralidharan, A., Parker, A., Ravndal, K., Siddiqui, M., Toolaram, A., & Woodward, K. (2018). Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low- and Middle-Income Countries—A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englund, H. (2007). Witchcraft and the limits of mass mediation in Malawi. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 13(2), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00429.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, D., Welch, D., & Swaffield, J. (2017). Constructing and mobilizing ‘the consumer’: Responsibility, consumption and the politics of sustainability. Environment & Planning A, 49(6), 1396–1412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17694030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, S., Sharma, N., & Sahay, R. (2001). Socio-cultural aspects of menstruation in an urban slum in Delhi, India. Reproductive Health Matters, 9(17), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90004-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Aldine Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Malawi (2013). Puberty Book Girls. Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Greed, C. (2016). Taking women’s bodily functions into account in urban planning and policy: Public toilets and menstruation. Town Planning Review, 87(5), 505–524. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2016.35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hand, M., Shove, E., & Southerton, D. (2005). Explaining showering: A discussion of the material, conventional, and temporal dimensions of practice. Sociological Research Online, 10(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019). Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis. PLOS Medicine, 16(5), e1002803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchings, R., Browne, A. L., & Jack, T. (2017). Should there be more showers at the summer music festival? Studying the contextual dependence of resource consuming conventions and lessons for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9582(August), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1360316
   Google Scholar
• Hudson-Weems, C. (1993). Africana Womanism: Reclaiming Ourselves. Bedford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, T. (2018). Negotiating Conventions: Cleanliness, sustainability and everyday life. Lund Dissertations in Sociology 121. Lund University. https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/1593a5e3-93a8-4938-afc5-2b899201b579
   Google Scholar
• Jewitt, S. (2011). Geographies of shit: Spatial and temporal variations in attitudes towards human waste. Progress in Human Geography, 35(5), 608–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510394704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, D., Buit, G., & González-Botero, D. (2015). Menstrual hygiene management: Education and empowerment for girls? Waterlines, 34(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.006
   Google Scholar
• Joshi, D., Fawcett, B., & Mannan, F. (2011). Health, hygiene and appropriate sanitation: Experiences and perceptions of the urban poor. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247811398602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadibadiba, T., Roberts, L., & Duncan, R. (2018). Living in a city without water: A social practice theory analysis of resource disruption in Gaborone, Botswana. Global Environmental Change, 53, 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinga, C. (2019). Caught between a rock and a hard place: Navigating global research partnerships in the global South as an indigenous researcher. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 31(3), 270–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2019.1630261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalipeni, E. (1997). Contained Urban Growth in Post-Independence Malawi. East African Geographical Review, 19(2), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00707961.1997.9756247
   Google Scholar
• Kambala, C., Chinangwa, A., Chipeta, E., Torondel, B., & Morse, T. (2020). Acceptability of menstrual products interventions for menstrual hygiene management among women and girls in Malawi. Reproductive Health, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01045-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaspin, D. (1996). A Chewa cosmology of the body. American Ethnologist, 23(3), 561–578. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1996.23.3.02a00060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, R., Kaur, K., & Kaur, R. (2018). Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1730964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotsila, P., & Saravanan, V. S. (2017). Biopolitics Gone to Shit? State Narratives versus Everyday Realities of Water and Sanitation in the Mekong Delta. World Development, 93, 374–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., & Srivastava, K. (2011). Cultural and Social Practices Regarding Menstruation among Adolescent Girls. Social Work in Public Health, 26(6), 594–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2010.525144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahiri-Dutt, K. (2014). Medicalising menstruation: A feminist critique of the political economy of menstrual hygiene management in South Asia. Gender, Place & Culture, 22(8), 1158–1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2014.939156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LCC. (2010). The study on urban development Master Plan for Lilongwe in the Republic of Malawi. Final report. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12003752_01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lipenga, J. K. (2017). Watching the witching world: The role of superstition in contemporary Malawian film. Journal of Humanities, 25(1), 112–127. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jh/article/view/160202
   Google Scholar
• Mchenga, J., Phuma-Ngaiyaye, E., & Kasulo, V. (2020). Do sanitation facilities in primary and secondary schools address Menstrual Hygiene needs? A study from Mzuzu City, Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 115, 102842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2020.102842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen, R., Samra-Fredericks, D., & Yanow, D. (2009). Re-Turn to Practice: An Introductory Essay. Organization Studies, 30(12), 1309–1327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609349860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkula, C. 2018, July. Reaping from faeces. The Nation Malawi.
   Google Scholar
• Mohanty, C. T. (1984). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Boundary 2, 12(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.2307/302821
   Google Scholar
• Mwathunga, E., & Donaldson, R. (2018). Urban land contestations, challenges and planning strategies in Malawi’s main urban centres. Land Use Policy, 77, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, G. (2003). Colonial and Postcolonial Modernities in Two African Cities. Canadian, 37(2), 328–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2003.10751271
   Google Scholar
• Nnaemeka, O. (2005). Bringing African Women into the Classroom: Rethinking Pedagogy and Epistemology. In O. Oyěwùmí (Ed.), African Gender Studies A Reader. Palgrave Macmillan: New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Oyěwùmí, O. (Ed.), (2005). African Gender Studies: A Reader. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pellerin, M. M. (2012). Defining Africana Womanhood: Developing an Africana Womanism Methodology. Western Journal of Black Studies, 36(1), 76–85.
   Google Scholar
• Perianes, M. B., & Ndaferankhande, D. (2020). Becoming Female: The Role of Menarche Rituals in “Making Women” in Malawi. In C. Bobel, I. T. Winkler, B. Fahs, K. Hasson, E. Kissling, & T. Roberts (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. 423–440
   Google Scholar
• Pillitteri, S. P. (2011). School menstrual hygiene management in Malawi: More than toilets. WaterAid. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08aa8e5274a27b20006d7/MenstrualHygieneManagement_Malawi.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Plummer, M., & Young, L. E. (2010). Grounded Theory and Feminist Inquiry: Revitalizing Links to the Past. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32(3), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945909351298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reckwitz, A. (2002). Toward a theory of social practices: A development in culturalist theorizing. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225432
   Google Scholar
• Rusca, M., Alda-Vidal, C., Hordijk, M., & Kral, N. (2017). Bathing without water: Stories of everyday hygiene practices and risk perception in urban low-income areas. The case of Lilongwe, Malawi. Environment and Urbanization, 29(2), 533–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247817700291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M., Clatworthy, D., Ogello, T., & Sommer, M. (2018). Making the Case for a Female-Friendly Toilet. Water, 10(9), 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorgie, F., Foster, J., Stadler, J., Phiri, T., Hoppenjans, L., Rees, H., & Muller, N. (2016). ‘Bitten by Shyness’: Menstrual Hygiene Management, Sanitation, and the Quest for Privacy in South Africa. Medical Anthropology, 35(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2015.1094067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shove, E. (2003a). Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: The social organisation of normality. Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. (2003b). Converging conventions of comfort, cleanliness and convenience. Journal of Consumer Policy, 26(4), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026362829781
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. (2007). The design of everyday life. Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. (2016). Infrastructures and practices. Networks beyond the city. In O. Coutard & J. Rutherford (Eds.), Beyond the Networked City: Infrastructure reconfigurations and urban change in the North and South (pp. 242–257). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sommer, M., Kjellén, M., & Pensulo, C. (2013). Girls’ and women’s unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): The interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 3(3), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steady, F. (1981). The Black woman cross-culturally. Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, D. G. (2008). The Practical Turn. In S. P. Turner & P. A. Roth (Eds.), The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Social Sciences. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Strengers, Y., & Maller, C. (2012). Materialising energy and water resources in everyday practices: Insights for securing supply systems. Global Environmental Change, 22(3), 754–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2005). Eroticism, sensuality and “women’s secrets” among the Baganda: A critical analysis. Feminist Africa, 5 (1), 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2006.tb00308.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamale, S. (2020). Decolonization and Afro-Feminism. Daraja Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tiwale, S., Rusca, M., & Zwarteveen, M. (2018). The Power of Pipes: Mapping Urban Water Inequities through the Material Properties of Networked Water Infrastructures-The Case of Lilongwe, Malawi. Water Alternatives, 11(2), 314–335. http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol11/v11issue2/439-a11-2-6/file
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanLeeuwen, C., & Torondel, B., vanLeeuwen, & Torondel, B. (2018). Improving menstrual hygiene management in emergency contexts: Literature review of current perspectives. International Journal of Women’s Health, 10, 169–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S135587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, R. (2020). Compost and Menstrual Blood: Women Wastepickers and the Work of Waste Futurity. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience, 6(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v6i1.32379
   Google Scholar
• Venema, V. (2014, March 4). The Indian sanitary pad revolutionary. BBC World Service. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine–26260978
   Google Scholar
• Vengenai, H. (2017). Negotiating identities through the ‘cultural practice’ of labia elongation among urban Shona women and men in contemporary Zimbabwe. Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research, 8(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1683306
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield-Rann, R., Fam, D., & Stewart, S. (2018). Routine exposure: Social practices and environmental health risks in the home. Social Theory & Health, 18(4), 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41285-018-00084-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Win, E. J. (2004). Not Very Poor, Powerless or Pregnant: The African Woman Forgotten by Development. IDS Bulletin, 35(4), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2004.tb00156.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeasmin, F., Luby, S. P., Saxton, R. E., Nizame, F. A., Alam, M.-U., Dutta, N. C., Masud, -A.-A., Yeasmin, D., Layden, A., Rahman, H., Abbott, R., Unicomb, L., & Winch, P. J. (2017). Piloting a low-cost hardware intervention to reduce improper disposal of solid waste in communal toilets in low-income settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 682. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4693-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zerai, A. (2000). Agents of Knowledge and Action: Selected Africana Scholars and their Contributions to the Understanding of Race, Class and Gender Intersectionality. Cultural Dynamics, 12(2), 182–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/092137400001200205
   Google Scholar