2,094
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
General Articles

Remote Warfare and the Retooling of American Primacy

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Acharya, A. 2018. The End of American World Order, second edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Adelman, R. A., and D. Kieran. 2018. Re-Conceptualizing Cultures of Remote Warfare: Editors’ Introduction. Journal of War & Culture Studies 11 (1):1–4. doi:10.1080/17526272.2017.1416764.
  • Agnew, J. 2003. Geopolitics: Re-visioning world politics. London: Routledge.
  • Agnew, J. 2005. Hegemony: The new shape of global power. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Agnew, J., S. Dalby, C. Flint, V. Mamadouh, D. Newman, and R. Schofield. 2020. Geopolitics at 25: An editorial journey through the hournal’s history.Geopolitics 25 (5):1199–1227.
  • Avant, D. 2005. The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bacevich, A. 2002. American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Barnett, M., and R. Duvall. 2005. Power in International Politics. International Organization 59 (1):39–75. doi:10.1017/S0020818305050010.
  • Baudrillard, J. 1995. The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Bauman, Z. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Berinsky, A. J. 2009. In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Biddle, S., J. Macdonald, and R. Baker. 2018. Small footprint, small payoff: The military effectiveness of security force assistance. Journal of Strategic Studies 41 (1–2):89–142. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1307745.
  • Biegon, R. 2019. A populist grand strategy? Trump and the framing of American decline. International Relations 33 (4):517–39. doi:10.1177/0047117819852399.
  • Biegon, R., and T. F. A. Watts. 2020. When ends Trump means: continuity versus change in US counterterrorism policy. Global Affairs 6 (1):37–53. doi:10.1080/23340460.2020.1734956
  • Blakeley, R. 2018. Drones, state terrorism and international law. Critical Studies on Terrorism 11 (2):321–41. doi:10.1080/17539153.2018.1456722.
  • Bode, I., and H. Huelss. 2018. Autonomous weapons systems and changing norms in international relations. Review of International Studies 44 (3):393–413. doi:10.1017/S0260210517000614.
  • Brooks, S., and W. Wohlforth. 2016. America Abroad: The United States’ Global Role in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Byman, D., and I. A. Merritt. 2018. The New American Way of war: Special Operations Forces in the war on terrorism. The Washington Quarterly 41 (2):79–93. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2018.1484226.
  • Callamard, A. 2020. UN Report on Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (targeted killings through armed drones and the case of Iranian General Quassem Soleimani): https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Executions/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx
  • Colás, A. 2008. Open doors and closed frontiers: The limits of American empire. European Journal of International Relations 14 (4):619–43. doi:10.1177/1354066108097555.
  • Cooley, A., and D. Nexon. 2020. Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Crawford, E. 2015. Identifying the Enemy: Civilian Participation in Armed Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dalby, S. 2007. Regions, Strategies and Empire in the Global War on Terror. Geopolitics 12 (4):586–606. doi:10.1080/14650040701546079.
  • Dalby, S. 2008. Imperialism, Domination, Culture: The Continued Relevance of Critical Geopolitics. Geopolitics 13 (3):413–36. doi:10.1080/14650040802203679.
  • Dalby, S. 2009. Geopolitics, the revolution in military affairs and the Bush doctrine. International Politics 46 (2/3):234–52. doi:10.1057/ip.2008.40.
  • Demmers, J., and L. Gould. 2018. An Assemblage Approach to Liquid Warfare: AFRICOM and the ‘hunt’ for Joseph Kony. Security Dialogue 49 (5):364–81. doi:10.1177/0967010618777890.
  • Demmers, J., and L. Gould. 2020. The Remote Warfare Paradox: Democracies, Risk Aversion and Military Engagement. E-IR: https://www.e-ir.info/2020/06/20/the-remote-warfare-paradox-democracies-risk-aversion-and-military-engagement/
  • Der Derian, J. 2001. Virtuous War. second 2009 edition, London: Routledge.
  • Gates, R. 2009. A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age. Foreign Affairs 88 (1):28–40.
  • Gelpi, C., P. D. Feaver, and J. Reifler. 2009. Paying the Human Costs of War: American Public Opinion and Causalities in Military Conflicts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Goldberg, J. 2016. The Obama Doctrine. The Atlantic (April):70–90.
  • Goldsmith, J., and M. Waxman. 2016. The Legal Legacy of Light-Footprint Warfare. Washington Quarterly 39 (2):7–21. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204305.
  • Gowan, P. 2006. The Bush turn and the drive for primacy. In The War on Terrorism and the American ‘Empire’ after the Cold War, ed. Colás and Saull, 131–54. London: Routledge.
  • Gregory, D. 2011a. The everywhere war. The Geographical Journal 177 (3):238–50. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00426.x.
  • Gregory, D. 2011b. From a view to a kill: Drones and late modern war. Theory, Culture & Society 28 (7–8):188–215. doi:10.1177/0263276411423027.
  • Gusterson, H. 2016. Drone: Remote Controlled Warfare. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Haas, M. C., and S. C. Fischer. 2017. The evolution of targeted killing practices: Autonomous weapons, future conflict, and the international order. Contemporary Security Policy 38 (2):281–306. doi:10.1080/13523260.2017.1336407.
  • Haner, J., and D. Garcia. 2019. The Artificial Intelligence Arms Race: Trends and World Leaders in Autonomous Weapons Development. Global Policy 10 (3):331–37. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12713.
  • Herbert, J., T. McCrisken, and A. Wroe. 2019. The Ordinary Presidency of Donald J. Trump. New York: Palgrave.
  • Hoffman, F. G. 2009. Hybrid Warfare and Challenges. Joint Forces Quarterly 52 (January):34–39.
  • Horowitz, M. C., S. E. Kreps, and M. Fuhrmann. 2016. Separating fact from fiction in the debate over drone proliferation. International Security 41 (2):7–42. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00257.
  • Huelss, H. 2019. Deciding on Appropriate Use of Force: Human‐machine Interaction in Weapons Systems and Emerging Norms. Global Policy 10 (3):354–58. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12692.
  • Kaag, J., and S. Kreps. 2014. Drone Warfare. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Kania, E. 2020. ‘AI Weapons’ in China’s Military Innovation. Centre for Security and Emerging Technology, Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/FP_20200427_ai_weapons_kania_v2.pdf
  • Knowles, E., and A. Watson. 2018a. June. Remote Warfare: Lessons Learned from Contemporary Theatres. London: Oxford Research Group.
  • Knowles, E., and A. Watson. 2018b. Lawful but Awful? Legal and Political Challenges of Remote Warfare and Working With Partners. May. London: Oxford Research Group.
  • Knowles, E., and J. Matisek. 2019. Western Security Force Assistance in Weak States. The RUSI Journal 164 (3):10–21. doi:10.1080/03071847.2019.1643258.
  • Krieg, A. 2018. Defining Remote Warfare: The Rise of the Private Military and Security Industry. March. London: Oxford Research Group.
  • Krieg, A., and J. M. Rickli. 2019. Surrogate warfare: The transformation of war in the twenty-first century. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Lee, P. 2018. The Distance Paradox: Reaper, the Human Dimension of Remote Warfare, and Future Challenges for the RAF. Air Power Review 21 (3):106–30.
  • Löfflmann, G. 2015. Leading from Behind – American Exceptionalism and President Obama’s Post-American Vision of Hegemony. Geopolitics 20 (2):308–32. doi:10.1080/14650045.2015.1017633.
  • Mabee, B. 2013. Understanding American Power: The Changing World of US Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave.
  • Malsin, J. 2019. Foreign Powers Face Off in Libyan Civil War, Risking Wider Conflict. The Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/foreign-powers-face-off-in-libyan-civil-war-risking-wider-conflict-11596561569
  • Mayer, M. 2015. The new killer drones: Understanding the strategic implications of next-generation unmanned combat aerial vehicles. International Affairs 91 (4):765–80. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12342.
  • Milan, F. F., and A. Bassiri Tabrizi. 2020. Armed, unmanned, and in high demand: The drivers behind combat drones proliferation in the Middle East. Small Wars & Insurgencies 31 (4):730–50. doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1743488.
  • Moore, A., and J. Walker. 2016. Tracing the US military’s presence in Africa. Geopolitics 21 (3):686–716. doi:10.1080/14650045.2016.1160060.
  • Moran, J. 2016. Time to Move out of the Shadows: Special Operations Forces and Accountability in Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Insurgency Operations. The University of New South Wales Law Journal 39 (3):1239–60.
  • Niva, S. 2013. Disappearing violence: JSOC and the Pentagon’s new cartography of networked warfare. Security Dialogue 44 (3):185–202. doi:10.1177/0967010613485869.
  • Ó Tuathail, G., and J. Agnew. 1992. Geopolitics and discourse: Practical geopolitical reasoning in American foreign policy. Political Geography 11 (2):190–204. doi:10.1016/0962-6298(92)90048-X.
  • Ohlin, J. D. 2017. Remoteness and reciprocal risk. In Research Handbook on Remote Warfare, ed. J. D. Ohlin, 15–49. London: Edward Elgar.
  • Porter, P. 2015. The Global Village Myth: Distance, War, and the Limits of Power. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Posen, B. 2014. Restraint: A New Foundation for U.S. Grand Strategy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Quinn, A. 2011. The art of declining politely: Obama’s prudent presidency and the waning of American power. International Affairs 87 (4):803–24. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.01005.x.
  • Rhodes, B. 2018. The World as It Is: Inside the Obama White House. London: Bodley Head.
  • Risen, J., and M. Mazzetti, 2009. C.I.A. Said to Use Outsiders to Put Bombs on Drones. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/us/21intel.html?module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=U.S.&action=keypress&region=FixedLeft&pgtype=article
  • Rumsfeld, D. H. 2002. Transforming the military. Foreign Affairs 81 (3):20–32. doi:10.2307/20033160.
  • Ryan, M. 2019. Full Spectrum Dominance: Irregular Warfare and the War on Terror. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Sanger, D. 2018. The Perfect Weapon: War, sabotage, and fear in the cyber age. New York: Penguin.
  • Satia, P. 2014. Drones: A history from the British Middle East. Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 5 (1):1–31. doi:10.1353/hum.2014.0002.
  • Schmidt, M. 2016. ‘Air Force, Running Low on Drone Pilots, Turns to Contractors in Terror Fight’, New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/us/air-force-drones-terrorism-isis.html?mcubz=0>
  • Schreer, B. 2019. Towards Contested ‘Spheres of Influence’ in the Western Pacific: Rising China, Classical Geopolitics, and Asia-Pacific Stability. Geopolitics 24 (2):503–22. doi:10.1080/14650045.2017.1364237.
  • Schulzke, M. 2016. The Morality of Remote Warfare: Against the Asymmetry Objection to Remote Weaponry. Political Studies 64 (1):90–105. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12155.
  • Scott, D. 2012. US strategy in the pacific–geopolitical positioning for the twenty-first century. Geopolitics 17 (3):607–28. doi:10.1080/14650045.2011.631200.
  • Shanker, T. 2011. Warning Against Wars Like Iraq and Afghanistan. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/26/world/26gates.html?auth=login-google
  • Shaw, I. 2013. Predator Empire: The Geopolitics of US Drone Warfare. Geopolitics 18 (3):536–59. doi:10.1080/14650045.2012.749241.
  • Smeltz, D., I. Daalder, and C. Kafura. 2014. Foreign Policy in the Age of Retrenchment. Chicago: Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
  • Stiglitz, J. E., and L. J. Bilmes. 2008. The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Tierney, D. 2016. The Legacy of Obama’s ‘Worst Mistake’: There’s a problem with the American way of war. Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/obamas-worst-mistake-libya/478461/.
  • Trask, T., M. Clark, and S. Bradin. 2020, May 4th. The role of special operations forces in a ‘Great Power Conflict’. Military Times: https://www.militarytimes.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/04/the-role-of-special-operations-forces-in-a-great-power-conflict/
  • Trubowitz, P., and P. Harris. 2019. The end of the American century? Slow erosion of the domestic sources of usable power. International Affairs 95 (3):619–39. doi:10.1093/ia/iiz055.
  • US Department of Defense (DOD). 2006a. Quadrennial Defense Review.
  • US Department of Defense (DOD). 2006b. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006. Public Law, 109–63. 109th Congress. January 2006.
  • US Department of Defense (DOD). 2018. Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
  • Waldman, T. 2018. Vicarious warfare: The counterproductive consequences of modern American military practice. Contemporary Security Policy 39 (2):181–205. doi:10.1080/13523260.2017.1393201.
  • Watts, T., and R. Biegon. 2017. Defining Remote Warfare: Security Cooperation. London: Oxford Research Group, November.
  • Watts, T., and R. Biegon. 2019. Conceptualising Remote Warfare: The Past, Present, and Future’. Oxford Research Group, May: https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/conceptualising-remote-warfare-the-past-present-and-future
  • White House. 2017. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. December.
  • Wyatt, A. 2020. Charting great power progress toward a lethal autonomous weapon system demonstration point. Defence Studies 20 (1):1–20. doi:10.1080/14702436.2019.1698956.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.