Can adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy be prevented and treated?

References

• Overman RA, Yeh JY, Deal CL. Prevalence of oral glucocorticoid usage in the United States: a general population perspective. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(2):294–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. Patient and rheumatologist perspectives on glucocorticoids: an exercise to improve the implementation of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(6):1015–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huscher D, Thiele K, Gromnica-Ihle E, et al. Dose-related patterns of glucocorticoid-induced side effects. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(7):1119–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Koehnke R, Caldwell JR, et al. Low dose long-term corticosteroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of serious adverse events. Am J Med. 1994;96(2):115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva JA, Jacobs JW, Kirwan JR, et al. Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(3):285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Goes MC, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. Monitoring adverse events of low-dose glucocorticoid therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(11):1913–1919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehl C, Bijlsma JW, de Wit M, et al. Defining conditions where long-term glucocorticoid treatment has an acceptably low level of harm to facilitate implementation of existing recommendations: viewpoints from an EULAR task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(6):952–957.
   Google Scholar
• Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Chapter 60 “glucocorticoids”. In: Jacobs JW, editors. Kelley’s textbook of rheumatology. (9th ed). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 894–916.
   Google Scholar
• Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(12):1560–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirwan JR, Bijlsma JW, Boers M, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1:CD006356.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon WG, Kezouh A, Bernatsky S, et al. The influence of systemic glucocorticoid therapy upon the risk of non-serious infection in older patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nested case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(6):956–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolagas SC, Weinstein RS. New developments in the pathogenesis and treatment of steroid-induced osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(7):1061–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canalis E, Delany AM. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;966:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein RG, Arnaud SB, Gallagher JC, et al. Intestinal calcium absorption in exogenous hypercortisonism. Role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and corticosteroid dose. J Clin Invest. 1977;60(1):253–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Ichikawa Y, Saito E, et al. Importance of increased urinary calcium excretion in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism of patients under glucocorticoid therapy. Metabolism. 1983;32(2):151–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP. Clinical review 151: the role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a re-examination of the evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(9):4033–4041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato F, Ouchi Y, Okamoto Y, et al. Effects of vitamin D2 analogs on calcium metabolism in vitamin D-deficient rats and in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Res Exp Med (Berl). 1991;191(4):235–242.
   Google Scholar
• Shiraishi A, Takeda S, Masaki T, et al. Alfacalcidol inhibits bone resorption and stimulates formation in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: distinct actions from estrogen. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(4):770–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Lems WF, et al. Alendronate or alfacalcidol in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(7):675–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(32):2643–2658.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homik J, Suarez-Almazor ME, Shea B, et al. Calcium and vitamin D for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000952.
   Google Scholar
• Homik J, Cranney A, Shea B, et al. Bisphosphonates for steroid induced osteoporosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD001347.
   Google Scholar
• de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Algra A, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with active vitamin D3 analogues: a review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including organ transplantation studies. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(8):589–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin S, Lavalley MP, Simms RW, et al. The comparative efficacy of drug therapies used for the management of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-regression. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(8):1512–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richy F, Schacht E, Bruyere O, et al. Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005;76(3):176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, et al. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(11):3224–3229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R, Biver E. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: who to treat with what agent? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(2):98–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Shane E, Boonen S, et al. Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(20):2028–2039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Agnusdei D, Hans D, et al. Trabecular bone score in patients with chronic glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis treated with alendronate or teriparatide. Arthritis & Rheumatol (Hoboken, NJ). 2016;68(9):2122–2128.
   Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP, et al. Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(11):3346–3355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(10):777–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Staa TP. The pathogenesis, epidemiology and management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;79(3):129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, et al. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114(9):735–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng CL, Chen YT, Huang CJ, et al. Short-term use of glucocorticoids and risk of peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide population-based case-crossover study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42(5):599–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper L, Brown TJ, Elliott R, et al. The effectiveness of five strategies for the prevention of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: systematic review. BMJ. 2004;329(7472):948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, et al. Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;4:Cd002296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. VIGOR study group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(21):1520–1528, 2 p following 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA. 2000;284(10):1247–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks JJ, Smith LA, Bradley MD. Efficacy, tolerability, and upper gastrointestinal safety of celecoxib for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2002;325(7365):619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk CD, FitzGerald GA. COX-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007;50(5):470–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Assen S, Agmon-Levin N, Elkayam O, et al. EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(3):414–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore RK, Cohen SB, Lane NE, et al. Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving concurrent glucocorticoids or bisphosphonates. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(5):872–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mok CC, Ho LY, Ma KM. Switching of oral bisphosphonates to denosumab in chronic glucocorticoid users: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Bone. 2015;75:222–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaudoin C, Jean S, Bessette L, et al. Denosumab compared to other treatments to prevent or treat osteoporosis in individuals at risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(9):2835–2844.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadji P, Kyvernitakis I, Kann PH, et al. GRAND-4: the German retrospective analysis of long-term persistence in women with osteoporosis treated with bisphosphonates or denosumab. Osteoporos Int. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Papapoulos S, Lippuner K, Roux C, et al. The effect of 8 or 5 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM Extension study. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(12):2773–2783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Engelke K, Bolognese MA, et al. Effects of romosozumab compared with teriparatide on bone density and mass at the spine and hip in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. J Bone Miner Res. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R, Benhamou CL, Halse J, et al. Continuous treatment with odanacatib for up to 8 years in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density: a phase 2 study. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(6):2099–2107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttgereit F, Doering G, Schaeffler A, et al. Efficacy of modified-release versus standard prednisone to reduce duration of morning stiffness of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis (CAPRA-1): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9608):205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozbakir B, Crielaard BJ, Metselaar JM, et al. Liposomal corticosteroids for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer. J Control Release. 2014;190:624–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Geest T, Metselaar JM, Gerrits D, et al. [(18)]F FDG PET/CT imaging to monitor the therapeutic effect of liposome-encapsulated prednisolone in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. J Control Release. 2015;209:20–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrera P MS, Smetsers AI, et al. Long-circulating liposomal prednisolone versus pulse intramuscular methylprednisolone in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. ACR. 2008;Abstract L10.
   Google Scholar
• Conrado DJ, Krishnaswami S, Shoji S, et al. Predicting the probability of successful efficacy of a dissociated agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor from dose-response analysis. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2016;43(3):325–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar