References
- UNAIDS. Global AIDS update 2016. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/global-AIDS-update-2016_en.pdf?ua=1
- AVERT.org. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-programming/prevention/prevention-mother-child
- UNAIDS. Global plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. [ cited 2016 December] Available from: http://files.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20110609_JC2137_Global-Plan-Elimination-HIV-Children_en.pdf
- United Nations Population Found (UNFPA). Eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV and keeping their mothers alive. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/IATT_EMTCTJobAid_WEB_0.pdf
- UNICEF. Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/supply/index_42855.html
- Avert.org. Pregnancy, childbirth & breastfeeding and HIV. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.avert.org/hiv-transmission-prevention/pregnancy-childbirth-breastfeeding
- UNAIDS. On the fast-track to an AIDS-free generation. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/GlobalPlan2016_en.pdf
- World Health Organization (WHO). Mother-to-child transmission of HIV. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/mtct/about/en/
- UNAIDS. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/october/20161024_EMotherToChildT
- Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV 2016 transmission in the United States. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf
- Larru B, Eby J, Lowenthal ED. Antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1 infected pediatric patients: focus on efavirenz. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2014;5:29–42.
- Ford N, Mofenson L, Shubber Z, et al. Safety of efavirenz in the first trimester of pregnancy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Aids. 2014;28(Suppl 2):S123–131.
- UNAIDS. A super-fast-track framework for ending AIDS in children, adolescents and young women by 2020. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: https://free.unaids.org/
- World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS Department. New WHO recommendations: Preventing mother-to-child transmission. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/mtct_key_mess.pdf
- Ahmed S, Kim MH, Abrams EJ. Risks and benefits of lifelong antiretroviral treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women: a review of the evidence for the Option B+ approach. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8(5):474–489.
- Tenthani L, Haas AD, Tweya H, et al. Retention in care under universal antiretroviral therapy for HIV infected pregnant and breastfeeding women (“Option B+”) in Malawi. Aids. 2014;28(4):589–598.
- UNICEF. Options B and B+: Key considerations for countries to implement an equity-focused approach. Eliminating new HIV infections among children and keeping mothers living with HIV alive and well. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/aids/files/hiv_Key_considerations_options_B.pdf
- Nachega JB, Uthman OA, Anderson J, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy during and after pregnancy in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aids. 2012;26(16):2039–2052.
- Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission 2014. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/perinatalgl003381.pdf
- European Collaborative Study. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(3):458–465.
- Fowler MG, Qin M, Fiscus SA. Benefits and risks of antiretroviral therapy for perinatal HIV prevention. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(18):1726–1737.
- Rimawi BH, Haddad L, Badell ML, et al. Management of HIV infection during pregnancy in the United States: updated evidence-based recommendations and future potential practices. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2016;2016:7594306. DOI:10.1155/2016/7594306
- WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: WHO; 2013. cited 2016 December. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85321/1/9789241505727_eng.pdf?ua=1
- McNairy ML, Teasdale CA, El-Sadr WM, et al. Mother and child both matter: reconceptualizing the prevention of mother-to-child transmission care continuum. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(6):403–410.
- Kumela K, Amenu D, Chelkeba L. Comparison of anti-retroviral therapy treatment strategies in prevention of mother-to-child transmission in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2015;13(2):539.
- Olson SC, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Beck I, et al. Resistance detected by pyrosequencing following zidovudine monotherapy for prevention of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. Aids. 2015;29(12):1467–1471.
- Perry ME, Taylor GP, Sabin CA, et al. Lopinavir and atazanavir in pregnancy: comparable infant outcomes, virological efficacies and preterm delivery rates. HIV Med. 2016;17:28–35.
- Grinsztejn B, Nguyen BY, Katlama C, et al. Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir (MK-0518) in treatment-experienced patients with multidrug-resistant virus: a phase II randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9569):1261–1269.
- Andany N, Walmsley SL. What‘s new for antiretroviral treatment in women with HIV. J Virus Erad. 2016;2(2):67–77.
- Günthard HF, Saag MS, Benson CA, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2016 recommendations of the international antiviral society – USA panel. Jama. 2016;316(2):191–210.
- Chi BH, Stringer JS, Moodley D. Antiretroviral drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a review of scientific, program, and policy advances for sub-Saharan Africa. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(2):124–133.
- Myer L, Phillips TK, McIntyre JA, et al. HIV viraemia and mother-to-child transmission risk after antiretroviral therapy initiation in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa. HIV Med. 2016. [Epub ahead of print]. DOI:10.1111/hiv.12397
- Paredes R, Marconi VC, Lockman S, et al. Impact of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women and their children in Africa: HIV resistance and treatment outcomes. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(Suppl 2):S93–100.
- Kakkar F, Boucoiran I, Lamarre V, et al. Risk factors for pre-term birth in a Canadian cohort of HIV-positive women: role of ritonavir boosting?. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:19933.
- Pintye J, Langat A, Singa B, et al. Maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use in pregnancy and growth outcomes among HIV-exposed uninfected infants in Kenya. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2015;2015:276851.
- Luzuriaga K, Mofenson LM. Challenges in the elimination of pediatric HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(8):761–770.
- Newell ML, Coovadia H, Cortina-Borja M, et al. Ghent International AIDS Society (IAS) working group on HIV infection in women and children. Mortality of infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers in Africa: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2004;364(9441):1236–1243.
- WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet. 2000;355(9202):451–455.
- Taha TE, Hoover DR, Chen S, et al. Effects of cessation of breastfeeding in HIV-1-exposed, uninfected children in Malawi. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(4):388–395.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. [ cited 2016 December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/
- Mofenson LM. Antiretroviral drugs to prevent breastfeeding HIV transmission. Antivir Ther. 2010;15(4):537–553.
- Thomas TK, Masaba R, Borkowf CB, et al. Triple-antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission through breastfeeding – the Kisumu Breastfeeding Study, Kenya: a clinical trial. Plos Med. 2011;8(3):e1001015.
- Kilewo C, Karlsson K, Ngarina M, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding by treating mothers with triple antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: the Mitra Plus study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(3):406–416.
- De Vincenzi I; Kesho Bora Study Group. Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(3):171–180.
- Shapiro RL, Kitch D, Ogwu A, et al. HIV transmission and 24-month survival in a randomized trial of HAART to prevent MTCT during pregnancy and breastfeeding in Botswana. Aids. 2013;27(12):1911–1920.
- Cohan D, Natureeba P, Koss CA, et al. Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women. Aids. 2015;29:183–191.
- Chikhungu LC, Bispo S, Rollins N, et al. HIV-free survival at 12-24 months in breastfed infants of HIV-infected women on antiretroviral treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21(7):820–828.
- Coovadia HM, Brown ER, Fowler MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of an extended nevirapine regimen in infant children of breastfeeding mothers with HIV-1 infection for prevention of postnatal HIV-1 transmission (HPTN 046): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379(9812):221–228.
- Hudgens MG, Taha TE, Omer SB, et al. Pooled individual data analysis of 5 randomized trials of infant nevirapine prophylaxis to prevent breast-milk HIV-1 transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):131–139.
- Nagot N, Kankasa C, Tumwine JK, et al. Extended pre-exposure prophylaxis with lopinavir-ritonavir versus lamivudine to prevent HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding up to 50 weeks in infants in Africa (ANRS 12174): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10018):566–573.
- Nielsen-Saines K, Watts DH, Veloso VG, et al. Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2368–2379.
- Chasela CS, Hudgens MG, Jamieson DJ, et al. Maternal or infant antiretroviral drugs to reduce HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2271–2281.
- Van De Perre P, Rubbo PA, Viljoen J, et al. HIV-1 reservoirs in breast milk and challenges to elimination of breast-feeding transmission of HIV-1. Sci Transl Med. 2012 Jul 18;4(143):143sr3.
- Perinatal Transmission Prevention Guideline Committee (Feb 2017). HIV testing during pregnancy and at delivery guideline. [ cited 2017 March]. Available from: http://www.hivguidelines.org/pregnancy-and-hiv/hiv-testing-pregnancy-and-delivery/
- Margolis DA, Boffito M. Long-acting antiviral agents for HIV treatment. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10:246–252.
- Spreen WR, Margolis DA, Pottage JC Jr. Long-acting injectable antiretrovirals for HIV treatment and prevention. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8:565–571.
- Coovadia H, Moodley D. Improving HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for infants. Lancet. 2016 Feb 6;387(10018):513–514.