Long-term treatment in pediatric asthma: an update on chemical pharmacotherapy

References

• Akinbami LJ, Moorman JE, Bailey C, et al. Trends in asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality in the United States, 2001–2010. NCHS data brief, no 94. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, et al.; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006;368(9537):733–743. Erratum in Lancet. 2007;370(9593):1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunginger JW, Reed CE, O’Connell EJ, et al. A community-based study of the epidemiology of asthma. Incidence rates, 1964–1983. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:888–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota N, Martin JG. Mechanisms of airway remodeling. Chest. 2013;144:1026–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holgate ST, Holloway J, Wilson S, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal communication in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1:93–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papadopoulos NG, Arakawa H, Carlsen KH, et al. International consensus on (ICON) pediatric asthma. Allergy. 2012;67:976–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Asthma. Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2016. [cited 2017 Jan 20]. Available from: http://ginasthma.org/2016-pocket-guide-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma Committee. Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers. 2015. Available from: http://www.respiratoryguidelines. ca/guideline/asthma
   Google Scholar
• British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: a national clinical guideline. British thoracic society and scottish intercollegiate guidelines network. 2014. Available from: http://sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/141/index.html
   Google Scholar
• National Asthma Council Australia. Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 1.2. Melbourne; National Asthma Council Australia; 2016. Available from: http://www.asthmahandbook.org.auISSN2203-4722
   Google Scholar
• Al-Moamary MS, Alhaider SA, Al-Hajjaj MS, et al. The Saudi initiative for asthma - 2012 update: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma in adults and children. Ann Thorac Med. 2012;7:175–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimuta T, Kondo N, Hamasaki Y, et al. Japanese guideline for childhood asthma. Allergol Int. 2011;60(2):147–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• South African Childhood Asthma Working group. Guideline for the management of chronic asthma in children. 2009. Available from: http://www.pulmonology.co.za/downloads/guidelines/Guideline_13.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, et al.; Group EPA. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008;63:5–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Third expert panel on the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US); 2007. Expert Panel Report 3: guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Available from http://www. nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthsumm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Indian Academy of Pediatrics. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and asthma in children. 2001. Available from: http://isaac.auckland.ac.nz/ resources/Asthma-3%20_guidelines.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. The cytokine network in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:3546–3556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawankar R, Hayashi M, Yamanishi S, et al. The paradigm of cytokine networks in allergic airway inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15:41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:879783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly R, Ullman N, Irving S, et al. Increased airway smooth muscle in preschool wheezers who have asthma at school age. J Allergy Clin Immun. 2013;131:1024–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(13):868–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossny E, Rosario N, Lee BW, et al. The use of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma: update. World Allergy Organ J. 2016 Aug 12;9:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaia G, Cuda G, Vatrella A, et al. Effects of glucocorticoids on activation of c-jun N-terminal, extracellular signal-regulated, and p38 MAP kinases in human pulmonary endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2001 Dec 15;62(12):1719–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Ernst P. Inhaled corticosteroids: impact on asthma morbidity and mortality. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jun;107(6):937–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Ernst P, Kezouh A. Regular use of inhaled corticosteroids and the long term prevention of hospitalisation for asthma. Thorax. 2002 Oct;57(10):880–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. Efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in infants and preschoolers with recurrent wheezing and asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e519–e525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong J, Haran C, Chauhan BF, et al. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD011032. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011032.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Hoch HE, Szefler SJ. Intermittent steroid inhalation for the treatment of childhood asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12(2):183–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ducharme FM. Intermittent versus daily inhaled corticosteroids for persistent asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD009611. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009611.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodrı´guez JA. Daily vs intermittent inhaled corticosteroids for recurrent wheezing and mild persistent asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2013;107:1133–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FD, Chinchilli VM, Morgan WJ, et al. Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:650–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhl R. Local oropharyngeal side effects of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with asthma. Allergy. 2006;61:518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke YK, Blanco P, Thavarajah M, et al. Impact of inhaled corticosteroids on growth in children with asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2015;10:e0133428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Ducharme FM. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9:829–893.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pruteanu AI, Chauhan BF, Zhang L, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: dose–response effects on growth. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9:931–1046.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Jonasson C, et al. Low-dose inhaled budesonide once or twice daily for 27 months in children with mild asthma. Allergy: Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;55(8):740–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels RA, Pedersen S, Busse WW, et al. Early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9363):1071–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, et al. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. New England J Med. 2012;367(10):904–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa-El-Khoury K, Kim H, Chan ES, et al. CSACI position statement: systemic effect of inhaled corticosteroids on adrenal suppression in the management of pediatric asthma. Allergy, Asthma Clin Immunol. 2015;11:9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavkaytar O, Vuralli D, Arik YE, et al. Evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression during moderate-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroid use. Eur J Pediatr. 2015 Nov;174(11):1421–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz RH, Neacsu O, Ascher DP, et al. Moderate dose inhaled corticosteroid-induced symptomatic adrenal suppression: case report and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012;51:1184–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RW, Downey K, Gordon M, et al. Prevalence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression in children treated for asthma with inhaled corticosteroid. Paediatr Child Health. 2012;17:e34–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson HS. Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(8):449–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato G, Vitale C, Molino A, et al. Asthma-related deaths. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016 Oct 12;11:37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver A, VanBuren S, Allen A, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of vilanterol, a novel inhaled long-acting β-Agonist, in children aged 5-11 years with persistent asthma: a randomized trial. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2014 May;3(3):215–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Food, Drug Administration. FDA news release: FDA announces new safety controls for long-acting beta agonists, medications used to treat asthma. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm200931.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cates CJ, Oleszczuk M, Stovold E, et al. Safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(Issue 10):CD010005. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD010005.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst P, McIvor A, Ducharme FM, et al. Safety and effectiveness of longacting inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators when taken with inhaled corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med. 2006;146(9):692–694.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver A, VanBuren S, Allen A, et al. Tolerability of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol combination therapy in children aged 5 to 11 years with persistent asthma. Clin Ther. 2014 Jun 1;36(6):928–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihara S, Fukuda H, Tamura M, et al. Efficacy and safety of salmeterol/fluticasone combination therapy in infants and preschool children with asthma insufficiently controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. Drug Res (Stuttg). 2016 Jul;66(7):371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. A systematic review of long-acting beta2-agonists versus higher doses of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):e650–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lemanske RF Jr, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, et al. Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:975–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mutius E, Drazen JM. Choosing asthma step-up care. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1042–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipworth BJ. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists. Lancet. 1999;353(9146):57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drazen JM, Israel E, O’Byrne PM. Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(3):197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. The role of inhaled corticosteroids and montelukast in children with mild-moderate asthma: results of a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010 May;95(5):365–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan BF, Ducharme FM. Anti-leukotriene agents compared to inhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/or chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD002314. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD002314.pub3
   Google Scholar
• Massingham K, Fox S, Smaldone A. Asthma therapy in pediatric patients: a systematic review of treatment with montelukast versus inhaled corticosteroids. J Pediatr Health Care. 2014 Jan-Feb;28(1):51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos S, Miksch A, Szecsenyi J, et al. Montelukast as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma: a systematic review. Thorax. 2008 May;63(5):453–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan BF, Ben Salah R, Ducharme FM. Addition of anti-leukotriene agents to inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 2;(10):CD009585. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009585.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelmach I, Ożarek-Hanc A, Zaczeniuk M, et al. Do children with stable asthma benefit from addition of montelukast to inhaled corticosteroids: randomized, placebo controlled trial. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Apr;31:42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, et al. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(2):383–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Benedictis FM, del Giudice MM, Forenza N, et al. Lack of tolerance to the protective effect of montelukast in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:291–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato G, Stanziola A, Sanduzzi A, et al. Treating severe allergic asthma with anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab): a review. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2014 Apr 15;9(1):23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelaia G, Gallelli L, Romeo P, et al. Omalizumab decreases exacerbation frequency, oral intake of corticosteroids and peripheral blood eosinophils in atopic patients with uncontrolled asthma. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Dec;49(12):713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaia G, Gallelli L, Renda T, et al. Update on optimal use of omalizumab in management of asthma. J Asthma Allergy. 2011;4:49–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Available from: www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl¼pages/medicines/human/medicines/000606/human_med_001162.jsp&mid¼WC0b01ac058001d124
   Google Scholar
• Lanier B, Bridges T, Kulus M, et al. Omalizumab for the treatment of exacerbations in children with inadequately controlled allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:1210–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo GJ, Neffen H, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous omalizumab vs placebo as add-on therapy to corticosteroids for children and adults with asthma: a systematic review. Chest. 2011;139:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse WW, Morgan WJ, Gergen PJ, et al. Randomized trial of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for asthma in inner-city children. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1005–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessler IK, Kirkpatrick CJ. The non-neuronal cholinergic system: an emerging drug target in the airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2001;14:423–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman ED, Rennard S, Barnes PJ, et al. Alternative mechanisms for tiotropium. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22:533–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo RD. Use of inhaled anticholinergic agents in obstructive airway disease. Respir Care. 2007;52:833–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelberg C, Engel M, Moroni-Zentgraf P, et al. Tiotropium in asthmatic adolescents symptomatic despite inhaled corticosteroids: a randomised dose-ranging study. Respir Med. 2014;108:1268–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelberg C, Moroni-Zentgraf P, Leonaviciute-Klimantaviciene M, et al. A randomised dose-ranging study of tiotropium Respimat in children with symptomatic asthma despite inhaled corticosteroids. Respir Res. 2015;16:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Maselli R. The potential of biologics for the treatment of asthma. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 Dec;11(12):958–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatrella A, Fabozzi I, Calabrese C, et al. Dupilumab: a novel treatment for asthma. J Asthma Allergy. 2014 Sep 4; 7: 123–130. Review. DOI:10.2147/JAA.S52387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, et al. Role of biologics in severe eosinophilic asthma - focus on reslizumab. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 Jul 1;12:1075–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:355–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ, et al. Addition of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids as first line therapy for persistent asthma in steroid-naive adults and children. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2009;(4):CD005307. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005307.pub2.
   Google Scholar
• Kew KM, Quinn M, Quon BS, et al. Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD007524. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007524.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ni Chroinin M, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 24;(11):CD007949. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007949.pub2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten E. Indirect bronchial provocation tests in childhood asthma: monitoring short-term treatment changes. Groningen: University of Groningen; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick AM, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bacharier LB. Severe asthma in childhood: recent advances in phenotyping and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Apr;12(2):193–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss ST. New approaches to personalized medicine for asthma: where are we? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129:327–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar