References
- Mahad DH, Trapp BD, Lassmann H. Pathological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:183–193.
- Ontaneda D, Thompson AJ, Fox RJ, et al. Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function. Lancet. 2016. published online 23 November 2016. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31320-4.
- Shirani A, Okuda DT, Stüve O. Therapeutic advances and future prospects in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13:58–69.
- Hartung HP, Gonsette R, König N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2002;360:2018–2025.
- Martinelli Boneschi F, Vacchi L, Rovaris M, et al. Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD002127. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002127.pub3.
- European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1998;352:1491–1497.
- Kuhle J, Hardmeier M, Disanto G, et al. A 10-year follow-up of the European multicenter trial of interferon β-1b in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2016;22:533–543.
- Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA, O’Connor P, et al. Glatiramer acetate in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:14–24.
- Lublin F, Miller DH, Freedman MS, et al. Oral fingolimod in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:1075–1084.
- Freedman MS, Bar-Or A, Oger J, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MBP8298 in secondary progressive MS. Neurology. 2011;77:1551–1560.
- Steiner D, Arnold D, Freedman M, et al. Natalizumab versus placebo in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS): results from ASCEND, a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase 3 clinical trial. Neurology. 2016;86(16Supplement):abstr. ES1.009.
- Hawker K, O’Connor P, Freedman MS, et al. Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol. 2009;66:460–471.
- Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L, et al. Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:209–220.
- Kappos L, Bar-Or A, Cree B, et al. Efficacy and safety of siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis – results of the placebo controlled, double-blind, phase III EXPAND study. Mult Scler. 2016;22(S3):828–883,abstr. 250.
- Tourbah A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Edan G, et al. MD1003 (high-dose biotin) for the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mult Scler. 2016;22:1719–1731.
- Zajicek J, Ball S, Wright D, et al. Effect of dronabinol on progression in progressive multiple sclerosis (CUPID): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:857–865.
- Ontaneda D, Fox RJ, Chataway J. Clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis: lessons learned and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:208–223.
- Spain R, Murchison C, Horak F, et al. Lipoic acid for neuroprotection in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2016;86(16Supplement):abstr. P1.373.
- Cadavid D, Edwards KR, Hupperts R, et al. Efficacy analysis of opicinumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis: the phase 2b SYNERGY trial. Mult Scler. 2016;22(S3):66,abstr. 192.
- Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278–286.
- Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:221–234.