270
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current developments in pharmacotherapy for actinic keratosis

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 1693-1704 | Received 24 Apr 2018, Accepted 11 Sep 2018, Published online: 09 Oct 2018

References

  • Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:978–986.
  • Farshchian M, Kivisaari A, Ala-Aho R, et al. Serpin peptidase inhibitor clade A member 1 (SerpinA1) is a novel biomarker for progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:1110–1119.
  • Macbeth AE, Grindlay DJ, Williams HC. What’s new in skin cancer? An analysis of guidelines and systematic reviews published in 2008–2009. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36:453–458.
  • Samarasinghe V, Madan V, Lear JT. Management of high-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2011;11:763–769.
  • Fernandez-Figueras MT, Carrato C, Saenz X, et al. Actinic keratosis with atypical basal cells (AK I) is the most common lesion associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:991–997.
  • Schmitt JV, Miot HA. Actinic keratosis: a clinical and epidemiological revision. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87:425–434.
  • Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer. 1953;6:963–968.
  • Rowert-Huber J, Patel MJ, Forschner T, et al. Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(Suppl 3):8–12.
  • Lallas A, Pyne J, Kyrgidis A, et al. The clinical and dermoscopic features of invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma depend on the histopathological grade of differentiation. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172:1308–1315.
  • Quaedvlieg PJ, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, et al. Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones? Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:335–339.
  • Bierman AS, Tinetti ME. Precision medicine to precision care: managing multimorbidity. Lancet. 2016;388:2721–2723.
  • Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1657–1667.
  • Kathpalia VP, Mussak EN, Chow SS, et al. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling in human squamous cell carcinoma of the skin identifies unique tumor-associated signatures. J Dermatol. 2006;33:309–318.
  • Nomura T, Nakajima H, Hongyo T, et al. Induction of cancer, actinic keratosis, and specific p53 mutations by UVB light in human skin maintained in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res. 1997;57:2081–2084.
  • Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED. Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13:395–404.
  • Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, et al. Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules. 2015;5:545–589.
  • Nishigori C, Yarosh DB, Ullrich SE, et al. Evidence that DNA damage triggers interleukin 10 cytokine production in UV-irradiated murine keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:10354–10359.
  • Jussila L, Alitalo K. Vascular growth factors and lymphangiogenesis. Physiol Rev. 2002;82:673–700.
  • Giovannucci E. The prevention of colorectal cancer by aspirin use. Biomed Pharmacother. 1999;53:303–308.
  • Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox S, et al. The connection between lymphangiogenic signalling and prostaglandin biology: a missing link in the metastatic pathway. Oncotarget. 2012;3:893–906.
  • Iannacone MR, Gheit T, Pfister H, et al. Case-control study of genus-beta human papillomaviruses in plucked eyebrow hairs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2014;134:2231–2244.
  • Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, et al. Human papillomavirus-DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125:93–97.
  • Mortier L, Marchetti P, Delaporte E, et al. Progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin correlates with deletion of the 9p21 region encoding the p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor. Cancer Lett. 2002;176:205–214.
  • Kushida Y, Miki H, Ohmori M. Loss of heterozygosity in actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma and sun-exposed normal-appearing skin in Japanese: difference between Japanese and caucasians. Cancer Lett. 1999;140:169–175.
  • Moscarella E, Rabinovitz H, Zalaudek I, et al. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy of pigmented actinic keratoses: a morphological study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:307–314.
  • Zalaudek I, Argenziano G. Dermoscopy of actinic keratosis, intraepidermal carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015;46:70–76.
  • Casari A, Chester J, Pellacani G. Actinic keratosis and non-invasive diagnostic techniques: an update. Biomedicines. 2018 Jan 8;6(1). pii: E8. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines6010008.
  • Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Laimer M, Rabinovitz HS, et al. Confocal microscopy in skin cancer. Curr Dermatol Rep. 2018;7:105–118.
  • Jorizzo J, Stewart D, Bucko A, et al. Randomized trial evaluating a new 0.5% fluorouracil formulation demonstrates efficacy after 1-, 2-, or 4-week treatment in patients with actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2002;70:335–339.
  • Dillaha CJ, Jansen GT, Honeycutt WM, et al. Selective cytotoxic effect of topical 5-fluorouracil. Arch Dermatol. 1963;88:247–256.
  • Dillaha CJ, Jansen GT, Honeycutt WM, et al. Selective cytotoxic effect of topical 5-fluorouracil. Arch Dermatol. 1983;119:774–783.
  • Loven K, Stein L, Furst K, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% fluorouracil cream and 5% fluorouracil cream applied to each side of the face in patients with actinic keratosis. Clin Ther. 2002;24:990–1000.
  • Pomerantz H, Hogan D, Eilers D, et al. Long-term efficacy of topical fluorouracil cream, 5%, for treating actinic keratosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151:952–960.
  • Stockfleth E, Kerl H, Zwingers T, et al. Low-dose 5-fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid as a new lesion-directed option to treat topically actinic keratoses: histological and clinical study results. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1101–1108.
  • Schlaak M, Simon JC. Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with low-dose 5-fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid–pilot study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8:174–178.
  • Cunningham TJ, Tabacchi M, Eliane JP, et al. Randomized trial of calcipotriol combined with 5-fluorouracil for skin cancer precursor immunotherapy. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:106–116.
  • Tanghetti EA, Hamann C, Tanghetti M. A controlled comparison study of topical fluourouracil 5% cream pre-treatment of aminolevulinic acid/photodynamic therapy for actinic Keratosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14:1241–1244.
  • Hoover WD 3rd, Jorizzo JL, Clark AR, et al. Efficacy of cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil cream 0.5% combination therapy for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Cutis. 2014;94:255–259.
  • Jorizzo J, Weiss J, Furst K, et al. Effect of a 1-week treatment with 0.5% topical fluorouracil on occurrence of actinic keratosis after cryosurgery: a randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:813–816.
  • Neugebauer R, Levandoski KA, Zhu Z, et al. A real-world, community-based cohort study comparing the effectiveness of topical fluoruracil versus topical imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78:710–716.
  • Miller RL, Gerster JF, Owens ML, et al. Imiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of drug. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999;21:1–14.
  • Reiter MJ, Testerman TL, Miller RL, et al. Cytokine induction in mice by the immunomodulator imiquimod. J Leukoc Biol. 1994;55:234–240.
  • Kono T, Kondo S, Pastore S, et al. Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression. Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1994;13:71–76.
  • Weeks CE, Gibson SJ. Induction of interferon and other cytokines by imiquimod and its hydroxylated metabolite R-842 in human blood cells in vitro. J Interferon Res. 1994;14:81–85.
  • Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, Wagner TL, et al. Cellular requirements for cytokine production in response to the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1995;15:537–545.
  • Stary G, Bangert C, Tauber M, et al. Tumoricidal activity of TLR7/8-activated inflammatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2007;204:1441–1451.
  • Suzuki H, Wang B, Shivji GM, et al. Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, induces migration of Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;114:135–141.
  • Li VW, Li WW, Talcott KE, et al. Imiquimod as an antiangiogenic agent. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4:708–717.
  • Ceilley RI, Jorizzo JL. Current issues in the management of actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68:S28–38.
  • Bianchi L, Campione E, Marulli GC, et al. Actinic keratosis treated with an immune response modifier: a case report of six patients. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28(Suppl 1):39–41.
  • Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:714–721.
  • Gebauer K, Shumack S, Cowen PS. Effect of dosing frequency on the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream for treatment of actinic keratosis on the forearms and hands: a phase II, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:897–903.
  • Hadley G, Derry S, Moore RA. Imiquimod for actinic keratosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126:1251–1255.
  • Serra-Guillen C, Nagore E, Hueso L, et al. A randomized pilot comparative study of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy versus imiquimod 5% versus sequential application of both therapies in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratosis: clinical and histologic outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:e131–7.
  • Yu A, Tanizaki H, Kokunai Y, et al. Association between the clinical and histopathological classifications of actinic keratosis and the efficacy of topical imiquimod treatment. J Dermatol. 2018 Apr;45(4):496–500.
  • Stockfleth E. Lmax and imiquimod 3.75%: the new standard in AK management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(Suppl 1):9–14.
  • Hanke CW, Beer KR, Stockfleth E, et al. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo-controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 3-week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:573–581.
  • Green AC, Beardmore GL. Home treatment of skin cancer and solar keratoses. Australas J Dermatol. 1988;29:127–130.
  • Challacombe JM, Suhrbier A, Parsons PG, et al. Neutrophils are a key component of the antitumor efficacy of topical chemotherapy with ingenol-3-angelate. J Immunol. 2006;177:8123–8132.
  • Ogbourne SM, Suhrbier A, Jones B, et al. Antitumor activity of 3-ingenyl angelate: plasma membrane and mitochondrial disruption and necrotic cell death. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2833–2839.
  • Anderson L, Schmieder GJ, Werschler WP, et al. Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, vehicle-controlled study of ingenol mebutate gel 0.025% and 0.05% for actinic keratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:934–943.
  • Lebwohl M, Shumack S, Stein Gold L, et al. Long-term follow-up study of ingenol mebutate gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:666–670.
  • Rosen RH, Gupta AK, Tyring SK. Dual mechanism of action of ingenol mebutate gel for topical treatment of actinic keratoses: rapid lesion necrosis followed by lesion-specific immune response. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66:486–493.
  • Vegter S, Tolley K. A network meta-analysis of the relative efficacy of treatments for actinic keratosis of the face or scalp in Europe. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96829.
  • Bobyr I, Campanati A, Consales V, et al. Ingenol mebutate in actinic keratosis: a clinical, videodermoscopic and immunohistochemical study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31:260–266.
  • Campione E, Di PM, Diluvio L, et al. Efficacy of ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis in patients treated by thiazide diuretics. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2016;9:405–409.
  • Mitra A, Stables GI. Topical photodynamic therapy for non-cancerous skin conditions. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2006;3:116–127.
  • Moloney FJ, Collins P. Randomized, double-blind, prospective study to compare topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid methylester with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for extensive scalp actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:87–91.
  • Peng Q, Moan J, Warloe T, et al. Build-up of esterified aminolevulinic-acid-derivative-induced porphyrin fluorescence in normal mouse skin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996;34:95–96.
  • Kloek J. Beijersbergen van H. Prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 1996;64:994–1000.
  • Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Radakovic-Fijan S, et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl 5-aminolevulinate compared with cryotherapy for actinic keratosis: A prospective, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:258–262.
  • Freeman M, Vinciullo C, Francis D, et al. A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:99–106.
  • Sandberg C, Stenquist B, Rosdahl I, et al. Important factors for pain during photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2006;86:404–408.
  • Piacquadio DJ, Chen DM, Farber HF, et al. Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: investigator-blinded, phase 3, multicenter trials. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140:41–46.
  • Wiegell SR, Wulf HC, Szeimies RM, et al. Daylight photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: an international consensus: international Society for photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:673–679.
  • Wiegell SR, Fabricius S, Heydenreich J, et al. Weather conditions and daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy: protoporphyrin IX-weighted daylight doses measured in six geographical locations. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:186–191.
  • Lacour JP, Ulrich C, Gilaberte Y, et al. Daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate cream is effective and nearly painless in treating actinic keratoses: a randomised, investigator-blinded, controlled, phase III study throughout Europe. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:2342–2348.
  • Fargnoli MC, Piccioni A, Neri L, et al. Conventional vs. daylight methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp: an intra-patient, prospective, comparison study in Italy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29:1926–1932.
  • Fargnoli MC, Piccioni A, Neri L, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of daylight photodynamic therapy with methyl amninolevulinate for actinic keratosis of the face and scalp. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27:89–91.
  • Fargnoli MC, Ibbotson SH, Hunger RE, et al. Patient and physician satisfaction in an observational study with methyl aminolevulinate daylight photodynamic therapy in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp in six European countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 May;32(5):757–762.
  • Campione E, Diluvio L, Paterno EJ, et al. Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with piroxicam 1% gel: a preliminary open-label study utilizing a new clinical score. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010;11:45–50.
  • Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Bhatt K, et al. Medical approaches to non-melanoma skin cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13:1409–1421.
  • Campione E, Paterno EJ, Candi E, et al. The relevance of piroxicam for the prevention and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer and its precursors. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:5843–5850.
  • Berhane T, Halliday GM, Cooke B, et al. Inflammation is associated with progression of actinic keratoses to squamous cell carcinomas in humans. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146:810–815.
  • Babino G, Diluvio L, Bianchi L, et al. Long-term use of a new topical formulation containing piroxicam 0.8% and sunscreen: efficacy and tolerability on actinic keratosis. Proof Concept Study Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32:1345–1349.
  • Puviani M, Galloni C, Marchetti S, et al. Efficacy of a film-forming medical device containing sunscreen (50+) and piroxicam 0.8% in actinic keratosis and field cancerization: a multicenter, assessor-blinded, 3 month trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:1255–1259.
  • Garofalo V, Ventura A, Mazzilli S, et al. Treatment of multiple actinic keratosis and field of cancerization with topical piroxicam 0.8% and sunscreen 50+ in organ transplant recipients: a series of 10 cases. Case Rep Dermatol. 2017;9:211–216.
  • Adamson DJ, Frew D, Tatoud R, et al. Diclofenac antagonizes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma signaling. Mol Pharmacol. 2002;61:7–12.
  • Riendeau D, Percival MD, Brideau C, et al. Etoricoxib (MK-0663): preclinical profile and comparison with other agents that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;296:558–566.
  • Buckman SY, Gresham A, Hale P, et al. COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:723–729.
  • Martin GM, Stockfleth E. Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:600–608.
  • Wolf JE Jr., Taylor JR, Tschen E, et al. Topical 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:709–713.
  • Berlin JM, Rigel DS. Diclofenac sodium 3% gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses postcryosurgery. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:669–673.
  • Nelson C, Rigel D. Long-term follow up of diclofenac sodium 3% in 2.5% hyaluronic acid gel for actinic keratosis: one-year evaluation. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009;2:20–25.
  • Stockfleth E, Ferrandiz C, Grob JJ, et al. Development of a treatment algorithm for actinic keratoses: a European Consensus. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:651–659.
  • Zuba EB, Koronowska S, Osmola-Mankowska A, et al.. Drug-induced photosensitivity. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2016;24:55–64.
  • Sinclair RD, Dawber RP. Cryosurgery of malignant and premalignant diseases of the skin: a simple approach. Australas J Dermatol. 1995;36:133–142.
  • Lubritz RR, Smolewski SA. Cryosurgery cure rate of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;7:631–632.
  • McIntyre WJ, Downs MR, Bedwell SA. Treatment options for actinic keratoses. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:667–671.
  • Thai KE, Fergin P, Freeman M, et al. A prospective study of the use of cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:687–692.
  • Kaufmann R, Spelman L, Weightman W, et al. Multicentre intraindividual randomized trial of topical methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy vs. cryotherapy for multiple actinic keratoses on the extremities. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:994–999.
  • Friedman PC, Miller V, Fridman G, et al. Various cold plasma devices for the treatment of actinic keratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Mar 26. doi: 10.1111/jdv.14969. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Friedman PC, Miller V, Fridman G, et al. Successful treatment of actinic keratoses using nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma: a case series. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76:349–350.
  • Wirtz M, Stoffels I, Dissemond J, et al. Actinic keratoses treated with cold atmospheric plasma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32:e37–e9.
  • Rossi R, Calzavara-Pinton PG, Giannetti A, et al. Italian guidelines and therapeutic algorithm for actinic keratoses. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2009;144:713–723.
  • Togsverd-Bo K, Haak CS, Thaysen-Petersen D, et al. Intensified photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with fractional CO2 laser: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:1262–1269.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.