Bivalirudin during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes

References

• Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2017 Dec;70(12):1082. PubMed PMID: 29198432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascelli MA, Kleiman NS, Marciniak SJ Jr., et al. Therapeutic heparin concentrations augment platelet reactivity: implications for the pharmacologic assessment of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist abciximab. Am Heart J. 2000 Apr;139(4):696–703. PubMed PMID: 10740154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G, Zeymer U, Silvain J, et al. Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label ATOLL trial. Lancet. 2011 Aug 20;378(9792):693–703. PubMed PMID: 21856483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, et al. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006 Apr 5;295(13):1519–1530. PubMed PMID: 16537725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for drug evaluation and research application number 20-873 approval letter [ cited 2018 Nov 19]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2000/20873_Angiomax_Approv.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Maraganore JM, Chao B, Joseph ML, et al. Anticoagulant activity of synthetic hirudin peptides. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8692–8698. PubMed PMID: 2722794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraganore JM, Fenton JW 2nd. Thrombin inhibition by synthetic hirudin peptides. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990;281:177–183. PubMed PMID: 2102611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggarwal A, Sobel BE, Schneider DJ. Decreased platelet reactivity in blood anticoagulated with bivalirudin or enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin: implications for coronary intervention. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2002 Jun;13(3):161–165. PubMed PMID: 12355033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox I, Dawson A, Loynds P, et al. Anticoagulant activity of hirulog, a direct thrombin inhibitor, in humans. Thromb Haemost. 1993 Feb 1;69(2):157–163. PubMed PMID: 8456428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Maraganore JM, Loscalzo J, et al. Anticoagulant effects of hirulog, a novel thrombin inhibitor, in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Apr 1;71(10):778–782. PubMed PMID: 8456753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraganore JM, Adelman BA. Hirulog: a direct thrombin inhibitor for management of acute coronary syndromes. Coron Artery Dis. 1996 Jun;7(6):438–448. PubMed PMID: 8889359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasquez JC, Vichiendilokkul A, Mahmood S, et al. Anticoagulation with bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Dec;74(6):2177–2179. PubMed PMID: 12643418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon G, Rastegar H, Schumann R, et al. Successful use of bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003 Oct;17(5):632–635. PubMed PMID: 14579220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton SB, Acsell JR, Crumbley AJ 3rd, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass with bivalirudin in type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Dec;78(6):2167–2169. PubMed PMID: 15561064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaigl Z, Pfeuffer P, Raith P, et al. Tolerance to intravenous heparin in patients with delayed-type hypersensitivity to heparins: a prospective study. Br J Haematol. 2005 Feb;128(3):389–392. PubMed PMID: 15667543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RL, Bird RJ. Review article: coagulation cascade and therapeutics update: relevance to nephrology. Part 1: overview of coagulation, thrombophilias and history of anticoagulants. Nephrology (Carlton). 2009 Aug;14(5):462–470. PubMed PMID: 19674315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley A, Greenberg C. Review article: heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2013 Jun;116(6):1210–1222. PubMed PMID: 23408671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutescu EA, Burnett A, Fanikos J, et al. Pharmacology of anticoagulants used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016 Jan;41(1):15–31. PubMed PMID: 26780737; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4715843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alquwaizani M, Buckley L, Adams C, et al. Anticoagulants: a review of the pharmacology, dosing, and complications. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep. 2013 Jun;1(2):83–97. PubMed PMID: 23687625; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3654192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weitz JI, Hudoba M, Massel D, et al. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest. 1990 Aug;86(2):385–391. PubMed PMID: 2384594; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC296739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitzman DT, Chi L, Saggin L, et al. Heparin neutralization by platelet-rich thrombi. Role of platelet factor 4. Circulation. 1994 Apr;89(4):1523–1529. PubMed PMID: 8149517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation. 1998 Jan 27;97(3):251–256. PubMed PMID: 9462526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobel M, Fish WR, Toma N, et al. Heparin modulates integrin function in human platelets. J Vasc Surg. 2001 Mar;33(3):587–594. PubMed PMID: 11241131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson L, Weitz JI, Podor TJ, et al. The variable anticoagulant response to unfractionated heparin in vivo reflects binding to plasma proteins rather than clearance. J Lab Clin Med. 1997 Dec;130(6):649–655. PubMed PMID: 9422339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitchett D. The impact of bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes: how to optimize the benefits of treatment and minimize the risk. Can J Cardiol. 2007 Jun;23(8):663–671. PubMed PMID: 17593993; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2651947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merli GJ, Groce JB. Pharmacological and clinical differences between low-molecular-weight heparins: implications for prescribing practice and therapeutic interchange. P T. 2010 Feb;35(2):95–105. PubMed PMID: 20221326; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2827912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, et al. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog angioplasty study investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 21;333(12):764–769. PubMed PMID: 7643883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015 Jun 20;385(9986):2465–2476. PubMed PMID: 25791214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the comparison of abciximab complications with hirulog for ischemic events trial (CACHET). Am Heart J. 2002 May;143(5):847–853. PubMed PMID: 12040347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Feb 19;289(7):853–863. PubMed PMID: 12588269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 23;355(21):2203–2216. PubMed PMID: 17124018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, et al. Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a subgroup analysis from the acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy (ACUITY) trial. Lancet. 2007 Mar 17;369(9565):907–919. PubMed PMID: 17368152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Mehilli J, et al. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 14;359(7):688–696. PubMed PMID: 18703471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 22;358(21):2218–2230. PubMed PMID: 18499566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Schulz S, et al. Abciximab and heparin versus bivalirudin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 24;365(21):1980–1989. PubMed PMID: 22077909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg PG, van ‘T Hof A, Hamm CW, et al. Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 5;369(23):2207–2217. PubMed PMID: 24171490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C, et al. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Nov 22;384(9957):1849–1858. PubMed PMID: 25002178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y, Guo J, Zheng Y, et al. Bivalirudin vs heparin with or without tirofiban during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the BRIGHT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Apr 7;313(13):1336–1346. PubMed PMID: 25775052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, et al. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 10;373(11):997–1009. PubMed PMID: 26324049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlinge D, Omerovic E, Frobert O, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin monotherapy in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 21;377(12):1132–1142. PubMed PMID: 28844201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widimsky P. Is bivalirudin just an expensive heparin? Eur Heart J. 2016 Apr 21;37(16):1321–1324. PubMed PMID: 26908948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kianoush S, Bikdeli B, Desai MM, et al. Risk of stent thrombosis and major bleeding with bivalirudin compared with active control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Thromb Res. 2015 Dec;136(6):1087–1098. PubMed PMID: 26077961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Mehran R, Goldstein P, et al. Bivalirudin versus heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: pooled patient-level analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI and EUROMAX trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jan 6;65(1):27–38. PubMed PMID: 25572507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok CS, Rao SV, Myint PK, et al. Major bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention and risk of subsequent mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2014;1(1):e000021. PubMed PMID: 25332786; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4195929.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angiox 250 mg powder summary of product characteristics. [ cited 2018 Nov 15]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/product-information/angiox-epar-product-information_en.pdf
   Google Scholar