Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy: brivaracetam and perampanel as broad-spectrum antiseizure drugs for the treatment of epilepsies and status epilepticus

References

• Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the international league against epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58:522–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD 2015 Disease and injury incidence and prevalence collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems LM, Richter S, Watermann N, et al. Trends in resource utilization and prescription of anticonvulsants for patients with active epilepsy in Germany from 2003 to 2013 – a ten-year overview. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;83:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems LM, Watermann N, Richter S, et al. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of epilepsy-related injuries and accidents: a retrospective, single center study. Front Neurol. 2018;9:414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riechmann J, Strzelczyk A, Reese JP, et al. Costs of epilepsy and cost-driving factors in children, adolescents, and their caregivers in Germany. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1388–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riechmann J, Willems LM, Boor R, et al. Quality of life and correlating factors in children, adolescents with epilepsy, and their caregivers: a cross-sectional multicenter study from Germany. Seizure. 2019;69:92–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, van Alphen N, Becker A, et al. Personalized translational epilepsy research – novel approaches and future perspectives: part II: experimental and translational approaches. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;76:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenow F, Bast T, Czech T, et al. Revised version of quality guidelines for presurgical epilepsy evaluation and surgical epilepsy therapy issued by the Austrian, German, and Swiss working group on presurgical epilepsy diagnosis and operative epilepsy treatment. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1215–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenow F, van Alphen N, Becker A, et al. Personalized translational epilepsy research – novel approaches and future perspectives: part I: clinical and network analysis approaches. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;76:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devinsky O, Cross JH, Laux L, et al. Trial of cannabidiol for drug-resistant seizures in the Dravet syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2011–2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polster T. Individualized treatment approaches: fenfluramine, a novel antiepileptic medication for the treatment of seizures in Dravet syndrome. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;91:99–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert-Bast S, Wolff M, Wiemer-Kruel A, et al. Seizure management and prescription patterns of anticonvulsants in Dravet syndrome: a multicenter cohort study from Germany and review of literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Reese JP, Dodel R, et al. Cost of epilepsy: a systematic review. PharmacoEconomics. 2008;26:463–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Steinig I, Klein KM, et al. Brivaracetam for add-on treatment in focal epilepsy. Nervenarzt. 2016;87:1086–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Willems LM, Willig S, et al. Perampanel in the treatment of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and of status epilepticus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2015;8:733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohracher A, Kellinghaus C, Strzelczyk A. Topiramat, perampanel und brivaracetam im status epilepticus. Zeitschrift für Epileptologie. 2018;31:256–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Klein KM, Willems LM, et al. Brivaracetam in the treatment of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsies and of status epilepticus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9:637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Summary of opinion (initial authorisation) for Briviact (brivaracetam) [EMA/CHMP/742520/2015]. London: UK European Medicines Agency; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION – BRIVIACT®. UCB Inc., 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Torreblanca JG, Vanoye-Carlo A, Phillips-Farfan BV, et al. Synaptic vesicle protein 2A: basic facts and role in synaptic function. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;38:3529–3539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenda BM, Matagne AC, Talaga PE, et al. Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity. J Med Chem. 2004;47:530–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch BA, Lambeng N, Nocka K, et al. The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:9861–9866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis N, Matagne A, Staelens L, et al. Anti-ictogenic and antiepileptogenic properties of brivaracetam in mature and immature rats. Epilepsia. 2015;56:800–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Rosenstiel P. Brivaracetam (UCB 34714). Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:84–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminski RM, Matagne A, Leclercq K, et al. SV2A protein is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant target: functional correlation between protein binding and seizure protection in models of both partial and generalized epilepsy. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54:715–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnema SJ, Rossano S, Naganawa M, et al. A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers. Epilepsia. 2019;60:958–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matagne A, Margineanu DG, Kenda B, et al. Anti-convulsive and anti-epileptic properties of brivaracetam (ucb 34714), a high-affinity ligand for the synaptic vesicle protein, SV2A. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:1662–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillard M, Fuks B, Leclercq K, et al. Binding characteristics of brivaracetam, a selective, high affinity SV2A ligand in rat, mouse and human brain: relationship to anti-convulsant properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;664:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann M, Sander SE, Richter A. Brivaracetam and seletracetam, two new SV2A ligands, improve paroxysmal dystonia in the dt sz mutant hamster. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;601:99–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildenbrand S, Schoch S, von Lehe M, et al. Tritium-labeled brivaracetam with high specific activity: preparation, characterization and application in human brain samples. ChemMedChem. 2012;7:1369–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malawska B, Kulig K. Brivaracetam: a new drug in development for epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:361–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niespodziany I, Andre VM, Leclere N, et al. Brivaracetam differentially affects voltage-gated sodium currents without impairing sustained repetitive firing in neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21:241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogawski MA. Brivaracetam: a rational drug discovery success story. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:1555–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockis A, Sargentini-Maier ML, Horsmans Y. Brivaracetam disposition in mild to severe hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;53:633–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargentini-Maier ML, Espie P, Coquette A, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 14C-brivaracetam, a novel SV2A ligand, in healthy subjects. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36:36–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, et al. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Tenth Eilat Conference (EILAT X). Epilepsy Res. 2010;92:89–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumoli L, Palleria C, Gasparini S, et al. Brivaracetam: review of its pharmacology and potential use as adjunctive therapy in patients with partial onset seizures. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015;9:5719–5725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargentini-Maier ML, Sokalski A, Boulanger P, et al. Brivaracetam disposition in renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52:1927–1933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockis A, Chanteux H, Rosa M, et al. Brivaracetam and carbamazepine interaction in healthy subjects and in vitro. Epilepsy Res. 2015;113:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French JA, Costantini C, Brodsky A, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam for refractory partial-onset seizures: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology. 2010;75:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Paesschen W, Hirsch E, Johnson M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in adults with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures: a phase IIb, randomized, controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2013;54:89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryvlin P, Werhahn KJ, Blaszczyk B, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam in adults with uncontrolled focal epilepsy: results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biton V, Berkovic SF, Abou-Khalil B, et al. Brivaracetam as adjunctive treatment for uncontrolled partial epilepsy in adults: a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan P, Trinka E, Van Paesschen W, et al. Adjunctive brivaracetam for uncontrolled focal and generalized epilepsies: results of a phase III, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose trial. Epilepsia. 2014;55:38–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein P, Schiemann J, Sperling MR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2015;56:1890–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch M, Hintz M, Specht A, et al. Tolerability, efficacy and retention rate of Brivaracetam in patients previously treated with Levetiracetam: a monocenter retrospective outcome analysis. Seizure. 2018;61:98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhoff BJ, Bacher M, Bucurenciu I, et al. Real-life experience with brivaracetam in 101 patients with difficult-to-treat epilepsy – a monocenter survey. Seizure. 2017;48:11–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Kay L, Bauer S, et al. Use of brivaracetam in genetic generalized epilepsies and for acute, intravenous treatment of absence status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2018;59:1549–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems LM, Bertsche A, Bosebeck F, et al. Efficacy, retention, and tolerability of brivaracetam in patients with epileptic encephalopathies: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Front Neurol. 2018;9:569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert-Bast S, Willems LM, Kurlemann G, et al. Postmarketing experience with brivaracetam in the treatment of focal epilepsy in children and adolescents. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;89:89–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinig I, von Podewils F, Moddel G, et al. Postmarketing experience with brivaracetam in the treatment of epilepsies: a multicenter cohort study from Germany. Epilepsia. 2017;58:1208–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres E, Kerling F, Hamer H, et al. Behavioural changes in patients with intellectual disability treated with brivaracetam. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138:195–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva V, Lopez-Gonzalez FJ, Mauri JA, et al. BRIVA-LIFE – a multicenter retrospective study of the long-term use of brivaracetam in clinical practice. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139:360–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahnert F, Krause K, Immisch I, et al. Brivaracetam in the treatment of patients with epilepsy – first clinical experiences. Front Neurol. 2018;9:38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold S, Badalamenti V, Diaz A, et al. Conversion to brivaracetam monotherapy for the treatment of patients with focal seizures: two double-blind, randomized, multicenter, historical control, Phase III studies. Epilepsy Res. 2018;141:73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbadis S, Klein P, Schiemann J, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brivaracetam with concomitant lamotrigine or concomitant topiramate in pooled Phase III randomized, double-blind trials: a post-hoc analysis. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;80:129–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley BD, Sperling MR, Asadi-Pooya AA, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam for secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures: pooled results from three Phase III studies. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodie MJ, Whitesides J, Schiemann J, et al. Tolerability, safety, and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam for focal seizures in older patients: a pooled analysis from three phase III studies. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Menachem E, Mameniskiene R, Quarato PP, et al. Efficacy and safety of brivaracetam for partial-onset seizures in 3 pooled clinical studies. Neurology. 2016;87:314–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalviainen R, Genton P, Andermann E, et al. Brivaracetam in Unverricht-Lundborg disease (EPM1): results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Epilepsia. 2016;57:210–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohracher A, Hofler J, Kalss G, et al. Perampanel in patients with refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;49:354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorlemmer K, Bauer S, Belke M, et al. Sustained seizure remission on perampanel in progressive myoclonic epilepsy (Lafora disease). Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2013;1:118–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanada T, Hashizume Y, Tokuhara N, et al. Perampanel: a novel, orally active, noncompetitive AMPA-receptor antagonist that reduces seizure activity in rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1331–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogawski MA, Hanada T. Preclinical pharmacology of perampanel, a selective non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;127:19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Fycompa – Annex I – summary of product characteristics. London: UK European Medicines Agency; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN. The clinical pharmacology profile of the new antiepileptic drug perampanel: a novel noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist. Epilepsia. 2015;56:12–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss GL, Serratosa JM, Villanueva V, et al. Randomized phase III study 306: adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures. Neurology. 2012;78:1408–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French JA, Krauss GL, Biton V, et al. Adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures: randomized phase III study 304. Neurology. 2012;79:589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss GL, Bar M, Biton V, et al. Tolerability and safety of perampanel: two randomized dose-escalation studies. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;125:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rektor I, Krauss GL, Bar M, et al. Perampanel Study 207: long-term open-label evaluation in patients with epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012;126:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French JA, Krauss GL, Steinhoff BJ, et al. Evaluation of adjunctive perampanel in patients with refractory partial-onset seizures: results of randomized global phase III study 305. Epilepsia. 2013;54:117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagae L, Villanueva V, Meador KJ, et al. Adjunctive perampanel in adolescents with inadequately controlled partial-onset seizures: a randomized study evaluating behavior, efficacy, and safety. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1120–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida T, Lee SK, Inoue Y, et al. Adjunctive perampanel in partial-onset seizures: Asia-Pacific, randomized phase III study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;137:392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss GL, Perucca E, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Perampanel, a selective, noncompetitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist, as adjunctive therapy for refractory partial-onset seizures: interim results from phase III, extension study 307. Epilepsia. 2013;54:126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss GL, Perucca E, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Long-term safety of perampanel and seizure outcomes in refractory partial-onset seizures and secondarily generalized seizures: results from phase III extension study 307. Epilepsia. 2014;55:1058–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui N, Akamatsu N, Nakasato N, et al. Long-term tolerability, safety and efficacy of adjunctive perampanel in the open-label, dose-ascending Study 231 and extension Study 233 in Japanese patients with epilepsy. Seizure. 2018;62:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montouris G, Yang H, Williams B, et al. Efficacy and safety of perampanel in patients with drug-resistant partial seizures after conversion from double-blind placebo to open-label perampanel. Epilepsy Res. 2015;114:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French JA, Krauss GL, Wechsler RT, et al. Perampanel for tonic-clonic seizures in idiopathic generalized epilepsy – a randomized trial. Neurology. 2015;85:950–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KL, Lin JJ, Chou ML, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: the first real-world evaluation in Asian pediatric neurology clinics. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;85:188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanemura H, Sano F, Aihara M. Usefulness of perampanel with concomitant levetiracetam for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2019;23:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohracher A, Zimmermann G, Villanueva V, et al. Perampanel in routine clinical use across Europe: pooled, multicenter, observational data. Epilepsia. 2018;59:1727–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro A, Stephani U, Tarallo T, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies: first experiences. Neuropediatrics. 2015;46:110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Liso P, Vigevano F, Specchio N, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies – an Italian observational multicenter study. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhoff BJ, Ben-Menachem E, Ryvlin P, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive perampanel for the treatment of refractory partial seizures: a pooled analysis of three phase III studies. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1481–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer LD, Satlin A, Krauss GL, et al. Perampanel for adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures: a pooled dose-response analysis of phase III studies. Epilepsia. 2014;55:423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidal BE, Laurenza A, Hussein Z, et al. Perampanel efficacy and tolerability with enzyme-inducing AEDs in patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2015;84:1972–1980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Ansorge S, Hapfelmeier J, et al. Costs, length of stay, and mortality of super-refractory status epilepticus: a population-based study from Germany. Epilepsia. 2017;58:1533–1541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert-Bast S, Zöllner JP, Ansorge S, et al. Burden and epidemiology of status epilepticus in infants, children, and adolescents: a population-based study on German health insurance data. Epilepsia. 2019;60:911–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain. 2011;134:2802–2818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuchat I, Novy J, Rossetti AO. Newer antiepileptic drugs for status epilepticus in adults: what’s the Evidence? CNS Drugs. 2018;32:259–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalss G, Rohracher A, Leitinger M, et al. Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: a retrospective single-center study. Epilepsia. 2018;59(Suppl 2):228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Steinig I, Willems LM, et al. Treatment of refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus with brivaracetam: a cohort study from two German university hospitals. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;70:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aicua-Rapun I, Andre P, Rossetti AO, et al. Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: correlation between loading dose, plasma levels and clinical response. Epilepsy Res. 2019;149:88–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redecker J, Wittstock M, Benecke R, et al. Efficacy of perampanel in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;45:176–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohracher A, Kalss G, Neuray C, et al. Perampanel in patients with refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit: a single-center audit of 30 patients. Epilepsia. 2018;59(Suppl 2):234–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strzelczyk A, Knake S, Kalviainen R, et al. Perampanel for treatment of status epilepticus in Austria, Finland, Germany, and Spain. Acta Neurol Scand. 2019;139:369–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho CJ, Lin CH, Lu YT, et al. Perampanel treatment for refractory status epilepticus in a neurological intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2019. DOI:10.1007/s12028-019-00704-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamarina E, Alpuente A, Maisterra O, et al. Perampanel: a therapeutic alternative in refractory status epilepticus associated with MELAS syndrome. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2019;11:92–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer S, Willems LM, Paule E, et al. The efficacy of lacosamide as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in focal epilepsy and its use in status epilepticus: clinical trial evidence and experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017;10:103–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems LM, Zöllner JP, Paule E, et al. Eslicarbazepine acetate in epilepsies with focal and secondary generalised seizures: systematic review of current evidence. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11:309–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Privitera M. Efficacy of levetiracetam: a review of three pivotal clinical trials. Epilepsia. 2001;42(Suppl 4):31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faught E. Topiramate in the treatment of partial and generalized epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3:811–821.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenthal ES, Claassen J, Wainwright MS, et al. Brexanolone as adjunctive therapy in super-refractory status epilepticus. Ann Neurol. 2017;82:342–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar