How does one choose the appropriate pharmacotherapy for pediatric patients with functional dyspepsia?

References

• Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M, et al. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1456–1468.e2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyams JS, Burke G, Davis PM, et al. Abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: a community-based study. J Pediatr. 1996;129(2):220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korterink JJ, Diederen K, Benninga MA, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders: a meta-analysis. PloS One. 2015;10(5):e0126982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhroove G, Chogle A, Saps M. A million-dollar work-up for abdominal pain: is it worth it? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2010;51(5):579–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebman WM. Gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin levels in children with recurrent abdominal pain, gastric and duodenal ulcers. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1980;2(3):243–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitkara DK, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Gastric sensory and motor dysfunction in adolescents with functional dyspepsia. J Pediatr. 2005;146(4):500–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman I, Vos R, Tack J. Assessment of gastric sensorimotor function in paediatric patients with unexplained dyspeptic symptoms and poor weight gain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19(3):173–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chial HJ, Camilleri C, Delgado-Aros S, et al. A nutrient drink test to assess maximum tolerated volume and postprandial symptoms: effects of gender, body mass index and age in health. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002;14(3):249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone F, Tack J, Hoffman I. The intragastric pressure measurement: a novel method to assess gastric accommodation in functional dyspepsia children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(6):918–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen CA, Lin Z, Singh M, et al. Antral inflammatory cells, gastric emptying, and electrogastrography in pediatric functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(10):2634–2640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins PM, Glutting JJ, Shaffer S, Proujansky R, Mehta D. Are there psychosocial differences in diagnostic subgroups of children with recurrent abdominal pain? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(2):216–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanheel H, Carbone F, Valvekens L, et al. Pathophysiological abnormalities in functional dyspepsia subgroups according to the Rome III criteria. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):132–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne PD, Nagelkerke SCJ, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, et al. Pharmacological treatments for functional nausea and functional dyspepsia in children: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(12):1195–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani SM, Imanieh MH, Oboodi R, et al. The comparative study of the effectiveness of cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and omeprazole in treatment of children with dyspepsia. ISRN Pediatr. 2011;2011:219287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison ME, Norris ML, Robinson A, et al. Use of cyproheptadine to stimulate appetite and body weight gain: a systematic review. Appetite. 2019;137:62–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez L, Diaz J, Nurko S. Safety and efficacy of cyproheptadine for treating dyspeptic symptoms in children. J Pediatr. 2013;163(1):261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Janssen P, Masaoka T, et al. Efficacy of buspirone, a fundus-relaxing drug, in patients with functional dyspepsia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(11):1239–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar DE, Frackiewicz EJ, Dockens R, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of buspirone during oral administration to children and adolescents with anxiety disorder and normal healthy adults. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(12):1351–1358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum JE, Arora R. Long-term efficacy of low-dose tricyclic antidepressants for children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(3):260–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saps M, Youssef N, Miranda A, et al. Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of amitriptyline in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(4):1261–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley NJ, Locke GR, Saito YA, et al. Effect of amitriptyline and escitalopram on functional dyspepsia: a multicenter, randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):340–349.e342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Camilleri M. New developments in the treatment of gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2018;43:111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Ly HG, Carbone F, et al. Efficacy of mirtazapine in patients with functional dyspepsia and weight loss. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):385–392.e384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsueda K, Hongo M, Tack J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of acotiamide for meal-related symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Gut. 2012;61(6):821–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano C, Valenti S, Cardile S, et al. Functional dyspepsia: an enigma in a conundrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(6):579–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Palermo TM, Williams AC, et al. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;5:Cd003968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurman JV, Wu YP, Grayson P, et al. A pilot study to assess the efficacy of biofeedback-assisted relaxation training as an adjunct treatment for pediatric functional dyspepsia associated with duodenal eosinophilia. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(8):837–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich S, Mousa HM, Punati J, et al. Efficacy of permanent gastric electrical stimulation for the treatment of gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(1):178–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar