The pharmacotherapeutic management of pediatric Crohn’s disease

References

• Rufo PA, Denson LA, Sylvester FA, et al. Health supervision in the management of children and adolescents with IBD: NASPGHAN recommendations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;55:93–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, et al.; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology H, Nutrition, Colitis Foundation of A. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44:653–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1179–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen T, Duerksen DR. Enteral nutrition in the management of pediatric and adult Crohn’s disease. Nutrients. 2018;10(5). pii: E537. doi: 10.3390/nu10050537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine A, Milo T, Buller H, et al. Consensus and controversy in the management of pediatric Crohn disease: an international survey. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:464–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansal S, Wagner J, Kirkwood CD, et al. Enteral nutrition in Crohn’s disease: an underused therapy. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:482108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narula N, Dhillon A, Zhang D, et al. Enteral nutritional therapy for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD000542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Critch J, Day AS, Otley A, et al. Use of enteral nutrition for the control of intestinal inflammation in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54:298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli O, Cordischi L, Cirulli M, et al. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:744–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D, Baldassano RN, Otley AR, et al. Comparative effectiveness of nutritional and biological therapy in North American children with Active Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1786–1793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover Z, Burgess C, Muir R, et al. Early mucosal healing with exclusive enteral nutrition is associated with improved outcomes in newly diagnosed children with luminal Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:1159–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhart AH, Ewe K, Griffiths AM, et al. Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD000301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Lofberg R, Feagan BG, et al. Budesonide for maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn’s disease in medically induced remission: a predetermined pooled analysis of four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1780–1787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine A, Broide E, Stein M, et al. Evaluation of oral budesonide for treatment of mild and moderate exacerbations of Crohn’s disease in children. J Pediatr. 2002;140:75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punati J, Markowitz J, Lerer T, et al. Effect of early immunomodulator use in moderate to severe pediatric Crohn disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:949–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon J, Ramaswami A, Beuttler M, et al. EBV status and thiopurine use in pediatric IBD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62:711–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkov K, Lu Y, Patel A, et al. Role of thiopurine metabolite testing and thiopurine methyltransferase determination in pediatric IBD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56:333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, et al. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:895–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1383–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colman RJ, Lawton RC, Dubinsky MC, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:863–873; quiz 1165–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present DH, Rutgeerts P, Targan S, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1398–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zoeten EF, Pasternak BA, Mattei P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of perianal Crohn disease: NASPGHAN clinical report and consensus statement. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57:401–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Matary W, Walters TD, Huynh HQ, et al. Higher postinduction infliximab serum trough levels are associated with healing of fistulizing perianal Crohn’s disease in children. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25(1):150–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyams JS, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, et al. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab for moderate to severe Crohn’s disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:365–374 e362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, McDonald JW, Panaccione R, et al. Methotrexate in combination with infliximab is no more effective than infliximab alone in patients with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:681–688 e681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters TD, Kim MO, Denson LA, et al. Increased effectiveness of early therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha vs an immunomodulator in children with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:383–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugathasan S, Denson LA, Walters TD, et al. Prediction of complicated disease course for children newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease: a multicentre inception cohort study. Lancet. 2017;389:1710–1718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalhoub JM, Rimmani HH, Gumaste VV, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: adalimumab monotherapy versus combination therapy with immunomodulators for induction and maintenance of remission and response in patients with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:1316–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kierkus J, Iwanczak B, Wegner A, et al. Monotherapy with infliximab versus combination therapy in the maintenance of clinical remission in children with moderate to severe Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;60:580–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossi V, Lerer T, Griffiths A, et al. Concomitant use of immunomodulators affects the durability of infliximab therapy in children with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1748–1756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammermeier J, Morris MA, Garrick V, et al. Management of Crohn’s disease. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:475–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Rosenthal CJ, Melmed GY, et al. Early infliximab trough levels are associated with persistent remission in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1708–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmekler T, Bertha M, McCracken C, et al. Infliximab optimization based on therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64:580–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minar P, Saeed SA, Afreen M, et al. Practical use of infliximab concentration monitoring in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62:715–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Matary W, Walters TD, Huynh HQ, et al. Higher postinduction infliximab serum trough levels are associated with healing of fistulizing perianal Crohn’s disease in children. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1946–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop C, Simon H, Suskind D, et al. Ustekinumab in pediatric Crohn disease patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63:348–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langley RG, Lebwohl M, Krueger GG, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, with and without dosing adjustment, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: results from the PHOENIX 2 study through 5 years of follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 2015;172:1371–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini M, Martelossi S, Magazzu G, et al. Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310:2164–2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson SM, Nguyen TM, McDonald JW, et al. Natalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8:CD006097.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:711–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledder O, Assa A, Levine A, et al. Vedolizumab in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective multi-centre experience from the paediatric IBD porto group of ESPGHAN. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1230–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Rabizadeh S, Jossen J, et al. Multi-center experience of vedolizumab effectiveness in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:2121–2126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Cuffari C, Katz J, et al. Guidelines for immunizations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:677–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernier-Massouille G, Balde M, Salleron J, et al. Natural history of pediatric Crohn’s disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1106–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duricova D, Fumery M, Annese V, et al. The natural history of Crohn’s disease in children: a review of population-based studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piekkala M, Pakarinen M, Ashorn M, et al. Long-term outcomes after surgery on pediatric patients with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56:271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojsak I, Kolacek S, Hansen LF, et al. Long-term outcomes after elective ileocecal resection in children with active localized Crohn’s disease–a multicenter European study. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50:1630–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubinsky M. Have we changed the natural history of pediatric Crohn’s disease with biologics? Dig Dis. 2014;32:360–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty G, Bennett G, Patil S, et al. Interventions for prevention of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD006873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Loo ES, Dijkstra G, Ploeg RJ, et al. Prevention of postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Splawski JB, Pffefferkorn MD, Schaefer ME, et al. NASPGHAN clinical report on postoperative recurrence in pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65:475–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon M, Taylor K, Akobeng AK, et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of surgically-induced remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(8):CD010233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarino E, Bodini G, Dulbecco P, et al. Adalimumab is more effective than azathioprine and mesalamine at preventing postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(11):1731–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Hamilton AL, et al. Crohn’s disease management after intestinal resection: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1406–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar