References
- Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI. Back pain prevalence and visit rates: estimates from U.S. national surveys, 2002. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Nov 1;31(23):72724.
- Hart LG, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC. Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Jan 1;20(1):9–11.
- Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 1;344(5):70363.
- Migliorini F, Rath B, Tingart M, et al. Autogenic mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration. Int Orthop. 2019 Apr;43(4):1027–1036.
- Migliorini F, Maffulli N, Trivellas A, et al. Bone metastases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;4.
- El Mansy Y, Migliorini F, Tingart M, et al. Minimally versus conventional-invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Musculoskelet Surg. 2020 Apr;21.
- Eksi MS, Kara M, Ozcan-Eksi EE, et al. Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for modic changes?: a novel model to understand the association between intervertebral disc degeneration and end-plate changes. J Orthop Sci. 2020 Jul;25(4):571–575.
- Ozcan-Eksi EE, Eksi MS, Akcal MA. Severe lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with modic changes and fatty infiltration in the paraspinal muscles at all lumbar levels, except for l1-l2: a cross-sectional analysis of 50 symptomatic women and 50 age-matched symptomatic men. World Neurosurg. 2019 Feb;122:e1069e1077.
- Ozcan-Eksi EE, Eksi MS, Turgut VU, et al. Reciprocal relationship between multifidus and psoas at L4-L5 level in women with low back pain. Br J Neurosurg. 2020 Jun;24:1–9.
- Bedaiwi MK, Sari I, Wallis D, et al. Clinical efficacy of celecoxib compared to acetaminophen in chronic nonspecific low back pain: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Jun;68(6):52845.
- Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, et al. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002 Mar 1;27(5):E10920.
- Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Apr 4;166(7):514–530.
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009 Jul;21(339):b2535.
- Howick JCI, Glasziou P, Greenhalgh T, et al. The 2011 Oxford CEBM levels of evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine; 2011 [cited 2020 Apr]. Available from: https://wwwcebmnet/indexaspx?o=5653.
- Stevens ML, Lin CC, Maher CG. The Roland Morris disability questionnaire. J Physiother. 2016 Apr;62(2):116.
- Fairbank JC. Oswestry disability index. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014 Feb;20(2):41239.
- Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, et al. Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1998 Dec 1;23(23):6002591.
- Kalita J, Kohat AK, Misra UK, et al. An open labeled randomized controlled trial of pregabalin versus amitriptyline in chronic low backache. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Jul 15;342(12):32127.
- Markman JD, Frazer ME, Rast SA, et al. Double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial of pregabalin for neurogenic claudication. Neurology. 2015 Jan 20;84(3):72265.
- Pota V, Barbarisi M, Sansone P, et al. Combination therapy with transdermal buprenorphine and pregabalin for chronic low back pain. Pain Manag. 2012 Jan;2(1):23–31.
- Schiphorst Preuper HR, Geertzen JH, van Wijhe M, et al. Do analgesics improve functioning in patients with chronic low back pain? An explorative triple-blinded RCT. Eur Spine J. 2014 Apr;23(4):6800. .
- Schliessbach J, Vuilleumier PH, Siegenthaler A, et al. Analgesic effect of clobazam in chronic low-back pain but not in experimentally induced pain. Eur J Pain. 2017 Sep;21(8):1336–1345.
- Zaringhalam J, Manaheji H, Rastqar A, et al. Reduction of chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised controlled clinical trial on acupuncture and baclofen. Chinese Medicine. 2010 Apr 5;1:15.
- Koes BW, van Tulder M, Lin CW, et al. An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J. 2010 Dec;19(12):942075.
- Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Nov 1;384(9954):961586.
- Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan;23(1):CD000396.
- Perrot S, Krause D, Crozes P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of paracetamol/tramadol (325 mg/37.5 mg) combination treatment compared with tramadol (50 mg) monotherapy in patients with subacute low back pain: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 10-day treatment study. Clin Ther. 2006 Oct;28(10):6061592.
- Ruoff GE, Rosenthal N, Jordan D, et al. Tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets for the treatment of chronic lower back pain: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study. Clin Ther. 2003 Apr;25(4):411123.
- Sakai Y, Ito K, Hida T, et al. Pharmacological management of chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized controlled trial of the effect of pregabalin and opioid administration. Eur Spine J. 2015 Jun;24(6):171309.
- Tetsunaga T, Tetsunaga T, Tanaka M, et al. Efficacy of tramadol-acetaminophen tablets in low back pain patients with depression. J Orthop Sci. 2015 Mar;20(2):6281.
- Braten LCH, Rolfsen MP, Espeland A, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. BMJ. 2019 Oct;16(367):l5654.
- Urquhart DM, Zheng Y, Cheng AC, et al. Could low grade bacterial infection contribute to low back pain? A systematic review. BMC Med. 2015 Jan;22(13):13.
- Uberall MA, Mueller-Schwefe GH, Terhaag B. Efficacy and safety of flupirtine modified release for the management of moderate to severe chronic low back pain: results of SUPREME, a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled parallel-group phase IV study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Oct;28(10):341617.
- Ueberall MA, Mueller-Schwefe GH, Terhaag B. Efficacy and tolerability of flupirtine in subacute/chronic musculoskeletal pain – results of a patient level, pooled re-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Nov;49(11):47637.
- Worz R, Bolten W, Heller B, et al. [Flupirtine in comparison with chlormezanone in chronic musculoskeletal back pain. Results of a multicenter randomized double-blind study]. Fortschr Med. 1996 Dec 20;114(35–36):500–504.
- Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):S192300.
- McCleane G. Antidepressants as analgesics. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(2):56139.
- Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Wahlgren DR, et al. Effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants on chronic low back pain intensity. Pain. 1999 Nov;83(2):45137.
- Pheasant H, Bursk A, Goldfarb J, et al. Amitriptyline and chronic low-back pain. A randomized double-blind crossover study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983 Jul-Aug;8(5):7552.
- Schliessbach J, Siegenthaler A, Butikofer L, et al. Effect of single-dose imipramine on chronic low-back and experimental pain. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0195776.
- Schliessbach J, Siegenthaler A, Butikofer L, et al. Predicting drug efficacy in chronic low back pain by quantitative sensory tests. Eur J Pain. 2018 May;22(5):973–988.
- Urquhart DM, Wluka AE, van Tulder M, et al. Efficacy of low-dose amitriptyline for chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Nov 1;178(11):1474–1481.
- Urquhart DM, Hoving JL, Assendelft WW, et al. Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan;23(1):CD001703.
- Konno S, Oda N, Ochiai T, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase iii trial of duloxetine monotherapy in Japanese patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016 Nov 15;41(22):1709–1717.
- Schukro RP, Oehmke MJ, Geroldinger A, et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Jan;124(1):8150.
- Skljarevski V, Desaiah D, Liu-Seifert H, et al. Efficacy and safety of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Jun 1;35(13):E57885.
- Skljarevski V, Zhang S, Chappell AS, et al. Maintenance of effect of duloxetine in patients with chronic low back pain: a 41-week uncontrolled, dose-blinded study. Pain Med. 2010 May;11(5):57648.
- Skljarevski V, Zhang S, Desaiah D, et al. Duloxetine versus placebo in patients with chronic low back pain: a 12-week, fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind trial. J Pain. 2010 Dec;11(12):901282.
- Robinson MJ, Edwards SE, Iyengar S, et al. Depression and pain. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009 Jun;1(14):515031.
- Jones CK, Peters SC, Shannon HE. Efficacy of duloxetine, a potent and balanced serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, in inflammatory and acute pain models in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Feb;312(2):32726.
- Khoromi S, Patsalides A, Parada S, et al. Topiramate in chronic lumbar radicular pain. J Pain. 2005 Dec;6(12):36–829.
- Muehlbacher M, Nickel MK, Kettler C, et al. Topiramate in treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(6):31526.
- Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Capparelli EV, et al. A randomized controlled trial of gabapentin for chronic low back pain with and without a radiating component. Pain. 2016 Jul;157(7):507–1499.
- Hwang CJ, Lee JH, Kim JH, et al. Gabapentin versus transdermal fentanyl matrix for the alleviation of chronic neuropathic pain of radicular origin: a randomized blind multicentered parallel-group noninferiority trial. Pain Res Manag. 2019;2019:4905013.
- Robertson K, Marshman LAG, Plummer D, et al. Effect of gabapentin vs pregabalin on pain intensity in adults with chronic sciatica: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Jan 1;76(1):28–34.
- Romano CL, Romano D, Bonora C, et al. Pregabalin, celecoxib, and their combination for treatment of chronic low-back pain. J Orthop Traumatol. 2009 Dec;10(4):91185.
- Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr;27(4):CD007938.
- Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun;9(6):CD007938.
- Pinto RZ, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, et al. Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012 Feb;13(344):e497.
- Taylor CP. Mechanisms of analgesia by gabapentin and pregabalin–calcium channel alpha2-delta [Cavalpha2-delta] ligands. Pain. 2009 Mar;142(12):613.
- Stacey BR, Swift JN. Pregabalin for neuropathic pain based on recent clinical trials. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2006 Jun;10(3):84179.
- Birbara CA, Puopolo AD, Munoz DR, et al. Treatment of chronic low back pain with etoricoxib, a new cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitor: improvement in pain and disability – a randomized, placebo-controlled, 3-month trial. J Pain. 2003 Aug;4(6):15307.
- Coats TL, Borenstein DG, Nangia NK, et al. Effects of valdecoxib in the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2004 Aug;26(8):1249–1260.
- Shell WE, Charuvastra EH, DeWood MA, et al. A double-blind controlled trial of a single dose naproxen and an amino acid medical food theramine for the treatment of low back pain. Am J Ther. 2012 Mar;19(2):14108.
- Takahashi N, Omata JI, Iwabuchi M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy versus exercise therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a prospective study. Fukushima J Med Sci. 2017 Apr 28;63(1):8–15.
- Yang JH, Suk KS, Lee BH, et al. Efficacy and safety of different aceclofenac treatments for chronic lower back pain: prospective, randomized, single center, open-label clinical trials. Yonsei Med J. 2017 May;58(3):637–643.
- Zerbini C, Ozturk ZE, Grifka J, et al. Efficacy of etoricoxib 60 mg/day and diclofenac 150 mg/day in reduction of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain: results of a 4-week, multinational, randomized, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Dec;21(12):492037.
- Seibert K, Zhang Y, Leahy K, et al. Pharmacological and biochemical demonstration of the role of cyclooxygenase 2 in inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 6;91(25):712013.
- Laine L, Smith R, Min K, et al. Systematic review: the lower gastrointestinal adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Sep 1;24(5):67751.
- Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis: randomised double-blind comparison. Lancet. 1999 Dec 1825;354(9196):112106.
- Silverstein FE, Faich G, Goldstein JL, et al. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: a randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA. 2000 Sep 13;284(10):551247.
- Katz J, Pennella-Vaughan J, Hetzel RD, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained release in chronic low back pain. J Pain. 2005 Oct;6(10):61656.
- Katz N, Rauck R, Ahdieh H, et al. A 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the safety and efficacy of oxymorphone extended release for opioid-naive patients with chronic low back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Jan;23(1):28117.
- Allan L, Richarz U, Simpson K, et al. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained release oral morphine in strong-opioid naive patients with chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Nov 15;30(22):902484.
- Baron R, Martin-Mola E, Muller M, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tapentadol prolonged release (pr) versus a combination of tapentadol pr and pregabalin for the management of severe, chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3b study. Pain Pract. 2015 Jun;15(5):70455. .
- Buynak R, Shapiro DY, Okamoto A, et al. Efficacy and safety of tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic low back pain: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled Phase III study. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Aug;11(11):8041787.
- Chu LF, D’Arcy N, Brady C, et al. Analgesic tolerance without demonstrable opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sustained-release morphine for treatment of chronic nonradicular low-back pain. Pain. 2012 Aug;153(8):921583.
- Gordon A, Callaghan D, Spink D, et al. Buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, followed by an open-label extension phase. Clin Ther. 2010 May;32(5):60844.
- Hale ME, Ahdieh H, Ma T, et al. Efficacy and safety of OPANA ER (oxymorphone extended release) for relief of moderate to severe chronic low back pain in opioid-experienced patients: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain. 2007 Feb;8(2):84175.
- Klinger R, Kothe R, Schmitz J, et al. Placebo effects of a sham opioid solution: a randomized controlled study in patients with chronic low back pain. Pain. 2017 Oct;158(10):1893–1902.
- Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, et al. Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the space randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Mar 6;319(9):872–882.
- Steiner DJ, Sitar S, Wen W, et al. Efficacy and safety of the seven-day buprenorphine transdermal system in opioid-naive patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: an enriched, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011 Dec;42(6):17903.
- Webster LR, Butera PG, Moran LV, et al. Oxytrex minimizes physical dependence while providing effective analgesia: a randomized controlled trial in low back pain. J Pain. 2006 Dec;7(12):46937.
- Busse JW, Craigie S, Juurlink DN, et al. Guideline for opioid therapy and chronic noncancer pain. CMAJ. 2017 May 8;189(18):E659E666.
- Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain–United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):451624.